Karen A. Scott, MD, MPH, FACOG (she/her)
@rjepiobwarrior.bsky.social
BCR Founding CEO, Owner & Chief Black Feminist Physician Scientist. Southern Black Woman. Medical Humanities Scholar. Paradigm Architect, Systems Disruptor, Narrative Alchemist, Author, Activist. Trekkie, Foodie, Yoda Follower, Traveler.
🍫🥃🥞🍹🌊🌅
🍫🥃🥞🍹🌊🌅
Pinned
NEW 📕 FLYER!!
Bloomsbury Publishing acquired Lexington Books of Rowman & Littflefield! Please get your copy of the book using the NEW discount code GLR BD8 to get 20% off at
www.bloomsbury.com/9781666938395/
#SACKREDBirth
Bloomsbury Publishing acquired Lexington Books of Rowman & Littflefield! Please get your copy of the book using the NEW discount code GLR BD8 to get 20% off at
www.bloomsbury.com/9781666938395/
#SACKREDBirth
If you only knew how geeked and grateful I am to be in the same place at the same time on stage with one of my favs….. THE Khiara M. Bridges, JD, PhD, Earl Warren Professor of Public Law, UC Berkeley School of Law!
Come through PNW especially Seattle and Tacoma!
Come through PNW especially Seattle and Tacoma!
5/4 at 7:30 PM | Law professor Khiara M. Bridges explores the systemic inequalities in maternal healthcare that continue to impact Black people across class divides.
In conversation with @rjepiobwarrior.bsky.social.
🎟️ Get tickets: buff.ly/BddP5oy
@mitpress.bsky.social
In conversation with @rjepiobwarrior.bsky.social.
🎟️ Get tickets: buff.ly/BddP5oy
@mitpress.bsky.social
March 31, 2026 at 11:00 PM
If you only knew how geeked and grateful I am to be in the same place at the same time on stage with one of my favs….. THE Khiara M. Bridges, JD, PhD, Earl Warren Professor of Public Law, UC Berkeley School of Law!
Come through PNW especially Seattle and Tacoma!
Come through PNW especially Seattle and Tacoma!
📢 Isn’t it time to talk about the truth of birth in America. 📢
For too long, “safety” in the delivery room has been defined by hospital checklists, not by the humanity, dignity, or voices of Black birthing people.
🌟Dr. Scott is here to flip the script.🌟
For too long, “safety” in the delivery room has been defined by hospital checklists, not by the humanity, dignity, or voices of Black birthing people.
🌟Dr. Scott is here to flip the script.🌟
March 30, 2026 at 2:12 PM
📢 Isn’t it time to talk about the truth of birth in America. 📢
For too long, “safety” in the delivery room has been defined by hospital checklists, not by the humanity, dignity, or voices of Black birthing people.
🌟Dr. Scott is here to flip the script.🌟
For too long, “safety” in the delivery room has been defined by hospital checklists, not by the humanity, dignity, or voices of Black birthing people.
🌟Dr. Scott is here to flip the script.🌟
✨✨New Chapter Publication in a New Book✨✨
Special thanks to my Co-Author, Co-Editors & Springer Publisher
Chapter 12. Intersectional Drivers of Mental Health Inequities By Karen A. Scott, MD, MPH, FACOG & Sung-Jae Lee, Ph.D
30% discount code: AUTHOR30
www.springerpub.com/mental-healt...
Special thanks to my Co-Author, Co-Editors & Springer Publisher
Chapter 12. Intersectional Drivers of Mental Health Inequities By Karen A. Scott, MD, MPH, FACOG & Sung-Jae Lee, Ph.D
30% discount code: AUTHOR30
www.springerpub.com/mental-healt...
September 30, 2025 at 3:32 PM
✨✨New Chapter Publication in a New Book✨✨
Special thanks to my Co-Author, Co-Editors & Springer Publisher
Chapter 12. Intersectional Drivers of Mental Health Inequities By Karen A. Scott, MD, MPH, FACOG & Sung-Jae Lee, Ph.D
30% discount code: AUTHOR30
www.springerpub.com/mental-healt...
Special thanks to my Co-Author, Co-Editors & Springer Publisher
Chapter 12. Intersectional Drivers of Mental Health Inequities By Karen A. Scott, MD, MPH, FACOG & Sung-Jae Lee, Ph.D
30% discount code: AUTHOR30
www.springerpub.com/mental-healt...
We are Whole. We are Holy. We are Human. 💜
Session 7: Reclaiming Our Power Through Birth
📅 Sept 29 | 5:30–7PM CT
Part of You, Me & SACKRED Birth series.
🔗 Register: events.teams.microsoft.com/event/b1428f...
Session 7: Reclaiming Our Power Through Birth
📅 Sept 29 | 5:30–7PM CT
Part of You, Me & SACKRED Birth series.
🔗 Register: events.teams.microsoft.com/event/b1428f...
September 24, 2025 at 9:30 PM
We are Whole. We are Holy. We are Human. 💜
Session 7: Reclaiming Our Power Through Birth
📅 Sept 29 | 5:30–7PM CT
Part of You, Me & SACKRED Birth series.
🔗 Register: events.teams.microsoft.com/event/b1428f...
Session 7: Reclaiming Our Power Through Birth
📅 Sept 29 | 5:30–7PM CT
Part of You, Me & SACKRED Birth series.
🔗 Register: events.teams.microsoft.com/event/b1428f...
NEW 📕 FLYER!!
Bloomsbury Publishing acquired Lexington Books of Rowman & Littflefield! Please get your copy of the book using the NEW discount code GLR BD8 to get 20% off at
www.bloomsbury.com/9781666938395/
#SACKREDBirth
Bloomsbury Publishing acquired Lexington Books of Rowman & Littflefield! Please get your copy of the book using the NEW discount code GLR BD8 to get 20% off at
www.bloomsbury.com/9781666938395/
#SACKREDBirth
June 10, 2025 at 6:12 PM
NEW 📕 FLYER!!
Bloomsbury Publishing acquired Lexington Books of Rowman & Littflefield! Please get your copy of the book using the NEW discount code GLR BD8 to get 20% off at
www.bloomsbury.com/9781666938395/
#SACKREDBirth
Bloomsbury Publishing acquired Lexington Books of Rowman & Littflefield! Please get your copy of the book using the NEW discount code GLR BD8 to get 20% off at
www.bloomsbury.com/9781666938395/
#SACKREDBirth
What if birth autonomy wasn’t something to fight for—but something already ours?
Session 4 of You, Me & SACKRED Birth with Dr. Karen A. Scott centers Black birthing people resisting coercion and reclaiming power with birth plans, community, and love. ✊🏾
events.teams.microsoft.com/event/5ddaed...
Session 4 of You, Me & SACKRED Birth with Dr. Karen A. Scott centers Black birthing people resisting coercion and reclaiming power with birth plans, community, and love. ✊🏾
events.teams.microsoft.com/event/5ddaed...
June 6, 2025 at 3:09 PM
What if birth autonomy wasn’t something to fight for—but something already ours?
Session 4 of You, Me & SACKRED Birth with Dr. Karen A. Scott centers Black birthing people resisting coercion and reclaiming power with birth plans, community, and love. ✊🏾
events.teams.microsoft.com/event/5ddaed...
Session 4 of You, Me & SACKRED Birth with Dr. Karen A. Scott centers Black birthing people resisting coercion and reclaiming power with birth plans, community, and love. ✊🏾
events.teams.microsoft.com/event/5ddaed...
Post on BlueSky
“Embodying Safety & Accountability in Care”. In Session 3 of You, Me & SACKRED Birth, we’ll elevate a new, culturally rigorous definition of safety—rooted in love, protection & belonging. Join us WED, May 28 @ 5:30PM CST. Register now: events.teams.microsoft.com/event/31d9ef...
“Embodying Safety & Accountability in Care”. In Session 3 of You, Me & SACKRED Birth, we’ll elevate a new, culturally rigorous definition of safety—rooted in love, protection & belonging. Join us WED, May 28 @ 5:30PM CST. Register now: events.teams.microsoft.com/event/31d9ef...
May 16, 2025 at 12:30 PM
Post on BlueSky
“Embodying Safety & Accountability in Care”. In Session 3 of You, Me & SACKRED Birth, we’ll elevate a new, culturally rigorous definition of safety—rooted in love, protection & belonging. Join us WED, May 28 @ 5:30PM CST. Register now: events.teams.microsoft.com/event/31d9ef...
“Embodying Safety & Accountability in Care”. In Session 3 of You, Me & SACKRED Birth, we’ll elevate a new, culturally rigorous definition of safety—rooted in love, protection & belonging. Join us WED, May 28 @ 5:30PM CST. Register now: events.teams.microsoft.com/event/31d9ef...
“Equal pain, separate care.”
In Session 2 of You, Me & SACKRED Birth, we’re naming how anti-Black racism and misogynoir manifest in medicine—especially during our births.
Join me on Mon, April 28 at 7 PM CT. This session is for you.
Register now:
events.teams.microsoft.com/event/c4d099...
In Session 2 of You, Me & SACKRED Birth, we’re naming how anti-Black racism and misogynoir manifest in medicine—especially during our births.
Join me on Mon, April 28 at 7 PM CT. This session is for you.
Register now:
events.teams.microsoft.com/event/c4d099...
April 26, 2025 at 3:37 PM
“Equal pain, separate care.”
In Session 2 of You, Me & SACKRED Birth, we’re naming how anti-Black racism and misogynoir manifest in medicine—especially during our births.
Join me on Mon, April 28 at 7 PM CT. This session is for you.
Register now:
events.teams.microsoft.com/event/c4d099...
In Session 2 of You, Me & SACKRED Birth, we’re naming how anti-Black racism and misogynoir manifest in medicine—especially during our births.
Join me on Mon, April 28 at 7 PM CT. This session is for you.
Register now:
events.teams.microsoft.com/event/c4d099...
Yesterday, I celebrated the homecoming of my baby, #SACKREDBirth with my ancestors and God. She arrived 2/14/2025. And the celebration continues. Best Love Day gift ever! Order your copy today: rowman.com/ISBN/9781666...
Special 30% discount code LXFANDF30 (hopefully it’s still active).
Special 30% discount code LXFANDF30 (hopefully it’s still active).
February 15, 2025 at 8:22 PM
Yesterday, I celebrated the homecoming of my baby, #SACKREDBirth with my ancestors and God. She arrived 2/14/2025. And the celebration continues. Best Love Day gift ever! Order your copy today: rowman.com/ISBN/9781666...
Special 30% discount code LXFANDF30 (hopefully it’s still active).
Special 30% discount code LXFANDF30 (hopefully it’s still active).
Join us at the Obstetric Patient Safety Summit 2025 as we dive into this year’s critical theme: Championing Birth Justice for & with Black & Native Youth. Don’t miss out on powerful discussions, inspiring speakers, & actionable solutions.
📅 Register now & learn more!
www.opss-sankofa.com
📅 Register now & learn more!
www.opss-sankofa.com
January 8, 2025 at 6:01 PM
Join us at the Obstetric Patient Safety Summit 2025 as we dive into this year’s critical theme: Championing Birth Justice for & with Black & Native Youth. Don’t miss out on powerful discussions, inspiring speakers, & actionable solutions.
📅 Register now & learn more!
www.opss-sankofa.com
📅 Register now & learn more!
www.opss-sankofa.com
SACKRED Birth offers a new quality paradigm to address violations of physical & emotional safety as defined by obstetric racism during childbirth hospitalization. Get 30% off your ebook available now or pre-order the hardback available January 20th using code LXFANDF30. rowman.com/ISBN/9781666...
January 8, 2025 at 2:32 PM
SACKRED Birth offers a new quality paradigm to address violations of physical & emotional safety as defined by obstetric racism during childbirth hospitalization. Get 30% off your ebook available now or pre-order the hardback available January 20th using code LXFANDF30. rowman.com/ISBN/9781666...
Reading, sharing, citing, teaching & practicing SACKRED Birth opens your head & heart to the deceptive, dismissive & dehumanizing standard of obstetric care throughout the U.S. Pre-order your copy & save 30% using the code LXFANDF30.
rowman.com/ISBN/9781666...
We all deserve a #SACKREDBirth
rowman.com/ISBN/9781666...
We all deserve a #SACKREDBirth
December 30, 2024 at 10:58 PM
Reading, sharing, citing, teaching & practicing SACKRED Birth opens your head & heart to the deceptive, dismissive & dehumanizing standard of obstetric care throughout the U.S. Pre-order your copy & save 30% using the code LXFANDF30.
rowman.com/ISBN/9781666...
We all deserve a #SACKREDBirth
rowman.com/ISBN/9781666...
We all deserve a #SACKREDBirth
Give the gift of ethics, knowledge, leadership, science, measurement development and monitoring strategies, data quality and accessibility, and community participation and partnership in obstetric quality.
Enter discount code LXFANDF30 & pre-order SACKRED Birth today.
rowman.com/ISBN/9781666...
Enter discount code LXFANDF30 & pre-order SACKRED Birth today.
rowman.com/ISBN/9781666...
December 16, 2024 at 12:43 PM
Give the gift of ethics, knowledge, leadership, science, measurement development and monitoring strategies, data quality and accessibility, and community participation and partnership in obstetric quality.
Enter discount code LXFANDF30 & pre-order SACKRED Birth today.
rowman.com/ISBN/9781666...
Enter discount code LXFANDF30 & pre-order SACKRED Birth today.
rowman.com/ISBN/9781666...
SACKRED Birth offers a new quality paradigm to address violations of physical & emotional safety during childbirth hospitalization using Black feminist hermeneutic phenomenology & public health critical race methodology.
Enter the code LXFANDF30 & pre-order today.
rowman.com/ISBN/9781666...
Enter the code LXFANDF30 & pre-order today.
rowman.com/ISBN/9781666...
December 10, 2024 at 1:18 PM
SACKRED Birth offers a new quality paradigm to address violations of physical & emotional safety during childbirth hospitalization using Black feminist hermeneutic phenomenology & public health critical race methodology.
Enter the code LXFANDF30 & pre-order today.
rowman.com/ISBN/9781666...
Enter the code LXFANDF30 & pre-order today.
rowman.com/ISBN/9781666...
Reposted by Karen A. Scott, MD, MPH, FACOG (she/her)
HBD Little Richard, one of the foundational pillars of rocknroll and a massive inspiration to everyone who didn't fit into mainstream society. Awopbopaloobop Alopbamboom!
December 5, 2024 at 5:08 PM
HBD Little Richard, one of the foundational pillars of rocknroll and a massive inspiration to everyone who didn't fit into mainstream society. Awopbopaloobop Alopbamboom!
🌍 This #GivingTuesday, let’s come together to transform birthing care for Black & Native youth.
With the SACKRED Birth framework, we’re creating safer, more equitable experiences that center dignity and justice.
www.opss-sankofa.com/donate
#BirthJustice #GivingTuesday #SACKREDBirth #OPSS2025
With the SACKRED Birth framework, we’re creating safer, more equitable experiences that center dignity and justice.
www.opss-sankofa.com/donate
#BirthJustice #GivingTuesday #SACKREDBirth #OPSS2025
December 3, 2024 at 11:19 AM
🌍 This #GivingTuesday, let’s come together to transform birthing care for Black & Native youth.
With the SACKRED Birth framework, we’re creating safer, more equitable experiences that center dignity and justice.
www.opss-sankofa.com/donate
#BirthJustice #GivingTuesday #SACKREDBirth #OPSS2025
With the SACKRED Birth framework, we’re creating safer, more equitable experiences that center dignity and justice.
www.opss-sankofa.com/donate
#BirthJustice #GivingTuesday #SACKREDBirth #OPSS2025
Reposted by Karen A. Scott, MD, MPH, FACOG (she/her)
This incredible place is the Valley of the Moon in the Atacama Desert. With the Milky Way and Magellanic Clouds (satellite galaxies to the right) it looks otherworldly. The bright star over the rock formation is Alpha Centauri, the closest star system to us. This image takes me away.
#milkyway
#milkyway
December 2, 2024 at 6:06 PM
This incredible place is the Valley of the Moon in the Atacama Desert. With the Milky Way and Magellanic Clouds (satellite galaxies to the right) it looks otherworldly. The bright star over the rock formation is Alpha Centauri, the closest star system to us. This image takes me away.
#milkyway
#milkyway
Register for our 2nd Obstetric Patient Safety Summit, Feb 19-23, 2025 and get 25% OFF any ticket.
This limited-time offer is your chance to join the movement at a fraction of the price. 🖤
Hurry—this sale ends November 30!
Secure your spot and save BIG today!
whova.com/web/3d7ip-Fq...
This limited-time offer is your chance to join the movement at a fraction of the price. 🖤
Hurry—this sale ends November 30!
Secure your spot and save BIG today!
whova.com/web/3d7ip-Fq...
November 29, 2024 at 7:45 PM
Register for our 2nd Obstetric Patient Safety Summit, Feb 19-23, 2025 and get 25% OFF any ticket.
This limited-time offer is your chance to join the movement at a fraction of the price. 🖤
Hurry—this sale ends November 30!
Secure your spot and save BIG today!
whova.com/web/3d7ip-Fq...
This limited-time offer is your chance to join the movement at a fraction of the price. 🖤
Hurry—this sale ends November 30!
Secure your spot and save BIG today!
whova.com/web/3d7ip-Fq...
The wait is over—our Black Friday 48-hour sale is officially here! 🎉
🎟️ Use Code: BLACKFRIDAY
Click here to secure your discounted ticket now: Register Now and Save 25%!
Hurry—this sale ends in just 48 hours!
🎟️ Use Code: BLACKFRIDAY
Click here to secure your discounted ticket now: Register Now and Save 25%!
Hurry—this sale ends in just 48 hours!
📣Get your ticket to any of the OPSS 2025 events during our 48-Hour Black Friday Deal!!
💥Save 25% on early bird tickets Nov 28-30th!!💥
General registration starts 12/1/2024 until Feb 19-23, 2025!
To register:
whova.com/web/3d7ip-Fq...
To view OPSS 2025 agenda:
www.opss-sankofa.com
💥Save 25% on early bird tickets Nov 28-30th!!💥
General registration starts 12/1/2024 until Feb 19-23, 2025!
To register:
whova.com/web/3d7ip-Fq...
To view OPSS 2025 agenda:
www.opss-sankofa.com
November 28, 2024 at 7:33 PM
The wait is over—our Black Friday 48-hour sale is officially here! 🎉
🎟️ Use Code: BLACKFRIDAY
Click here to secure your discounted ticket now: Register Now and Save 25%!
Hurry—this sale ends in just 48 hours!
🎟️ Use Code: BLACKFRIDAY
Click here to secure your discounted ticket now: Register Now and Save 25%!
Hurry—this sale ends in just 48 hours!
Reposted by Karen A. Scott, MD, MPH, FACOG (she/her)
📣Get your ticket to any of the OPSS 2025 events during our 48-Hour Black Friday Deal!!
💥Save 25% on early bird tickets Nov 28-30th!!💥
General registration starts 12/1/2024 until Feb 19-23, 2025!
To register:
whova.com/web/3d7ip-Fq...
To view OPSS 2025 agenda:
www.opss-sankofa.com
💥Save 25% on early bird tickets Nov 28-30th!!💥
General registration starts 12/1/2024 until Feb 19-23, 2025!
To register:
whova.com/web/3d7ip-Fq...
To view OPSS 2025 agenda:
www.opss-sankofa.com
November 26, 2024 at 6:31 PM
📣Get your ticket to any of the OPSS 2025 events during our 48-Hour Black Friday Deal!!
💥Save 25% on early bird tickets Nov 28-30th!!💥
General registration starts 12/1/2024 until Feb 19-23, 2025!
To register:
whova.com/web/3d7ip-Fq...
To view OPSS 2025 agenda:
www.opss-sankofa.com
💥Save 25% on early bird tickets Nov 28-30th!!💥
General registration starts 12/1/2024 until Feb 19-23, 2025!
To register:
whova.com/web/3d7ip-Fq...
To view OPSS 2025 agenda:
www.opss-sankofa.com
📣Get your ticket to any of the OPSS 2025 events during our 48-Hour Black Friday Deal!!
💥Save 25% on early bird tickets Nov 28-30th!!💥
General registration starts 12/1/2024 until Feb 19-23, 2025!
To register:
whova.com/web/3d7ip-Fq...
To view OPSS 2025 agenda:
www.opss-sankofa.com
💥Save 25% on early bird tickets Nov 28-30th!!💥
General registration starts 12/1/2024 until Feb 19-23, 2025!
To register:
whova.com/web/3d7ip-Fq...
To view OPSS 2025 agenda:
www.opss-sankofa.com
November 26, 2024 at 6:31 PM
📣Get your ticket to any of the OPSS 2025 events during our 48-Hour Black Friday Deal!!
💥Save 25% on early bird tickets Nov 28-30th!!💥
General registration starts 12/1/2024 until Feb 19-23, 2025!
To register:
whova.com/web/3d7ip-Fq...
To view OPSS 2025 agenda:
www.opss-sankofa.com
💥Save 25% on early bird tickets Nov 28-30th!!💥
General registration starts 12/1/2024 until Feb 19-23, 2025!
To register:
whova.com/web/3d7ip-Fq...
To view OPSS 2025 agenda:
www.opss-sankofa.com
Reposted by Karen A. Scott, MD, MPH, FACOG (she/her)
UN Women's report on femicide showed that, globally, the most dangerous place for a woman to be was in her home, where the majority of women die at the hands of men. www.theguardian.com/global-devel...
Home is the most dangerous place for women, says global femicide report
Of the 85,000 women killed by men in 2023, 60% died at the hands of a partner or family member, new UN figures show
www.theguardian.com
November 25, 2024 at 2:34 PM
UN Women's report on femicide showed that, globally, the most dangerous place for a woman to be was in her home, where the majority of women die at the hands of men. www.theguardian.com/global-devel...
Reposted by Karen A. Scott, MD, MPH, FACOG (she/her)
Wow, there's a lot of us here now. Reintroducing myself:
I am Joel 👋🏿.
My lab studies how the microbiome shapes the immune system in health & disease, using a mix of bench and computational approaches.
I am also passionate about mentoring the next generation of scientists 🥼.
#immunology
#microbiome
I am Joel 👋🏿.
My lab studies how the microbiome shapes the immune system in health & disease, using a mix of bench and computational approaches.
I am also passionate about mentoring the next generation of scientists 🥼.
#immunology
#microbiome
November 23, 2024 at 5:07 PM
Wow, there's a lot of us here now. Reintroducing myself:
I am Joel 👋🏿.
My lab studies how the microbiome shapes the immune system in health & disease, using a mix of bench and computational approaches.
I am also passionate about mentoring the next generation of scientists 🥼.
#immunology
#microbiome
I am Joel 👋🏿.
My lab studies how the microbiome shapes the immune system in health & disease, using a mix of bench and computational approaches.
I am also passionate about mentoring the next generation of scientists 🥼.
#immunology
#microbiome
📣 Exciting News!
Dr. Karen Antoinette Scott, MD, MPH, FACOG, and Birthing Cultural Rigor, LLC are thrilled to announce their participation in Health Is A Human Right: Achieving Health Equity, a collaboration between the David J. Sencer CDC Museum and CDC’s Office of Health Equity. 🎉
Dr. Karen Antoinette Scott, MD, MPH, FACOG, and Birthing Cultural Rigor, LLC are thrilled to announce their participation in Health Is A Human Right: Achieving Health Equity, a collaboration between the David J. Sencer CDC Museum and CDC’s Office of Health Equity. 🎉
November 21, 2024 at 7:35 PM
📣 Exciting News!
Dr. Karen Antoinette Scott, MD, MPH, FACOG, and Birthing Cultural Rigor, LLC are thrilled to announce their participation in Health Is A Human Right: Achieving Health Equity, a collaboration between the David J. Sencer CDC Museum and CDC’s Office of Health Equity. 🎉
Dr. Karen Antoinette Scott, MD, MPH, FACOG, and Birthing Cultural Rigor, LLC are thrilled to announce their participation in Health Is A Human Right: Achieving Health Equity, a collaboration between the David J. Sencer CDC Museum and CDC’s Office of Health Equity. 🎉
Reposted by Karen A. Scott, MD, MPH, FACOG (she/her)
An incredibly poor decision from JCVI. COVID vaccines during pregnancy #ProtectYouBoth Huge consequences for both pregnant/postpartum ppl & their infants.
Sharing this just out from myself and @chrischirp.bsky.social asking about the JCVI decision to drop eligibility for the COVID vaccine in pregnancy from next year. 🧪 🧵
The UK is no longer offering COVID vaccines to pregnant women – here’s why that might be a bad idea
From spring 2025, pregnant women will no longer be eligible for free COVID vaccines in the UK.
theconversation.com
November 21, 2024 at 12:37 PM
An incredibly poor decision from JCVI. COVID vaccines during pregnancy #ProtectYouBoth Huge consequences for both pregnant/postpartum ppl & their infants.