📢 T&V No. 176 is out! Marking 50 yrs of the BTWC 🧬 & 100 yrs of the Geneva Protocol 📜, with a lead article by Jean Pascal Zanders (@ban-cbw.bsky.social), plus insights on nuclear irreversibility, institutionalisation of the BTWC & maritime sanctions evasion. Read: www.vertic.org/2025/07/trus...
Trust & Verify no. 176, Summer 2025 - VERTIC
The Winter 2023 edition of T&V opens with a lead article on diplomatic momentum and the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty. The rest of the edition covers issues ranging from the conviction of a ma...
www.vertic.org
July 23, 2025 at 2:02 PM
🎂 Today marks the 100th anniversary of the #1925GenevaProtocol, one of the earliest global norm to ban the use of asphyxiating gases and biological weapons in war.
100 years later, it is still a critical instrument to address the proliferation and use of Biological and Chemical weapons ⤵️
100 years later, it is still a critical instrument to address the proliferation and use of Biological and Chemical weapons ⤵️
June 17, 2025 at 3:52 PM
🎂 Today marks the 100th anniversary of the #1925GenevaProtocol, one of the earliest global norm to ban the use of asphyxiating gases and biological weapons in war.
100 years later, it is still a critical instrument to address the proliferation and use of Biological and Chemical weapons ⤵️
100 years later, it is still a critical instrument to address the proliferation and use of Biological and Chemical weapons ⤵️
The #1925GenevaProtocol gradually became part of "Customary International Law" and is now seen as legally-binding upon all States Parties and to any type of conflict.
It's text was incorporated in the 1998 Rome Statute establishing the International Criminal Court (ICC).
It's text was incorporated in the 1998 Rome Statute establishing the International Criminal Court (ICC).
June 17, 2025 at 3:52 PM
The #1925GenevaProtocol gradually became part of "Customary International Law" and is now seen as legally-binding upon all States Parties and to any type of conflict.
It's text was incorporated in the 1998 Rome Statute establishing the International Criminal Court (ICC).
It's text was incorporated in the 1998 Rome Statute establishing the International Criminal Court (ICC).
Illustrating today's relevance of the #1925GenevaProtocol, the treaty forms the legal basis for the UN Secretary-General's Mechanism (UNSGM) to investigate alleged use of chemicals and biological weapons, mechanism still active today.
June 17, 2025 at 3:52 PM
Illustrating today's relevance of the #1925GenevaProtocol, the treaty forms the legal basis for the UN Secretary-General's Mechanism (UNSGM) to investigate alleged use of chemicals and biological weapons, mechanism still active today.
The #1925GenevaProtocol served as a political base for the adoption in 1972 of the Biological Weapons Convention, and in 1993 of the Chemical Weapons Convention.
June 17, 2025 at 3:52 PM
The #1925GenevaProtocol served as a political base for the adoption in 1972 of the Biological Weapons Convention, and in 1993 of the Chemical Weapons Convention.
Additionally, many States having joined the #1925GenevaProtocol included reservations to their signature allowing them to retaliate with prohibited weapons if attacked first.
Many reservations were withdrawn since.
Many reservations were withdrawn since.
June 17, 2025 at 3:52 PM
Additionally, many States having joined the #1925GenevaProtocol included reservations to their signature allowing them to retaliate with prohibited weapons if attacked first.
Many reservations were withdrawn since.
Many reservations were withdrawn since.
The #1925GenevaProtocol bans:
➡️ the use of asphyxiating gases
➡️ the use of biological weapons
in the context of armed conflict
However, it does not cover
➡️ the development or stockpiling of such weapons
➡️ activities outside context of armed conflicts
➡️ the use of asphyxiating gases
➡️ the use of biological weapons
in the context of armed conflict
However, it does not cover
➡️ the development or stockpiling of such weapons
➡️ activities outside context of armed conflicts
June 17, 2025 at 3:52 PM
The #1925GenevaProtocol bans:
➡️ the use of asphyxiating gases
➡️ the use of biological weapons
in the context of armed conflict
However, it does not cover
➡️ the development or stockpiling of such weapons
➡️ activities outside context of armed conflicts
➡️ the use of asphyxiating gases
➡️ the use of biological weapons
in the context of armed conflict
However, it does not cover
➡️ the development or stockpiling of such weapons
➡️ activities outside context of armed conflicts
#BiologicalWeapons #1925GenevaProtocol
Legacy and impact of the 1925 Geneva Protocol: one hundred years of treaties and debates on chemical and biological weapons
www.frontiersin.org/journals/mic...
[ #OpenSource - PDF available]
[...] This essay argues that the 1925 Geneva Protocol has a mixed...
Legacy and impact of the 1925 Geneva Protocol: one hundred years of treaties and debates on chemical and biological weapons
www.frontiersin.org/journals/mic...
[ #OpenSource - PDF available]
[...] This essay argues that the 1925 Geneva Protocol has a mixed...
December 18, 2025 at 7:48 AM
#BiologicalWeapons #1925GenevaProtocol
Legacy and impact of the 1925 Geneva Protocol: one hundred years of treaties and debates on chemical and biological weapons
www.frontiersin.org/journals/mic...
[ #OpenSource - PDF available]
[...] This essay argues that the 1925 Geneva Protocol has a mixed...
Legacy and impact of the 1925 Geneva Protocol: one hundred years of treaties and debates on chemical and biological weapons
www.frontiersin.org/journals/mic...
[ #OpenSource - PDF available]
[...] This essay argues that the 1925 Geneva Protocol has a mixed...
#BiologicalWeapons #Interbellum #WW2
The Polish Paradox: Gen. Kazimierz Sosnkowski and the Ban on Biological Warfare
warontherocks.com/2025/08/the-...
↘️↘️Excellent piece by @petersen2023.bsky.social on #Poland's role in the crafting of the #1925GenevaProtocol ...
The Polish Paradox: Gen. Kazimierz Sosnkowski and the Ban on Biological Warfare
warontherocks.com/2025/08/the-...
↘️↘️Excellent piece by @petersen2023.bsky.social on #Poland's role in the crafting of the #1925GenevaProtocol ...
The Polish Paradox: Gen. Kazimierz Sosnkowski and the Ban on Biological Warfare - War on the Rocks
It was July 4th, 1944 in London and the end of the war in Europe was finally in sight. The previous month, the Allies had liberated Rome and landed in
warontherocks.com
August 9, 2025 at 1:07 AM
#BiologicalWeapons #Interbellum #WW2
The Polish Paradox: Gen. Kazimierz Sosnkowski and the Ban on Biological Warfare
warontherocks.com/2025/08/the-...
↘️↘️Excellent piece by @petersen2023.bsky.social on #Poland's role in the crafting of the #1925GenevaProtocol ...
The Polish Paradox: Gen. Kazimierz Sosnkowski and the Ban on Biological Warfare
warontherocks.com/2025/08/the-...
↘️↘️Excellent piece by @petersen2023.bsky.social on #Poland's role in the crafting of the #1925GenevaProtocol ...
#ChemicalWeapons #BiologicalWeapons #1925GenevaProtocol #OPCW #Commemoration
Commemorating a Century of the Geneva Protocol: OPCW Statement on 100 Years of Chemical and Biological Arms Control
www.opcw.org/media-centre...
[...]
The menace of chemical weapons, which the Protocol sought to ...
Commemorating a Century of the Geneva Protocol: OPCW Statement on 100 Years of Chemical and Biological Arms Control
www.opcw.org/media-centre...
[...]
The menace of chemical weapons, which the Protocol sought to ...
June 24, 2025 at 11:56 PM
#ChemicalWeapons #BiologicalWeapons #1925GenevaProtocol #OPCW #Commemoration
Commemorating a Century of the Geneva Protocol: OPCW Statement on 100 Years of Chemical and Biological Arms Control
www.opcw.org/media-centre...
[...]
The menace of chemical weapons, which the Protocol sought to ...
Commemorating a Century of the Geneva Protocol: OPCW Statement on 100 Years of Chemical and Biological Arms Control
www.opcw.org/media-centre...
[...]
The menace of chemical weapons, which the Protocol sought to ...
#ChemicalWeapons #BiologicalWeapons #1925GenevaProtocol #France #Commemoration
Chemical and biological weapons – Centennial of the Geneva Protocol (June 17, 2025)
www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-fo...
Today we celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in ...
Chemical and biological weapons – Centennial of the Geneva Protocol (June 17, 2025)
www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-fo...
Today we celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in ...
Chemical and biological weapons – Centennial of the Geneva Protocol (June 17, 2025)
Today we celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of (…)
www.diplomatie.gouv.fr
June 23, 2025 at 7:44 AM
#ChemicalWeapons #BiologicalWeapons #1925GenevaProtocol #France #Commemoration
Chemical and biological weapons – Centennial of the Geneva Protocol (June 17, 2025)
www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-fo...
Today we celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in ...
Chemical and biological weapons – Centennial of the Geneva Protocol (June 17, 2025)
www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-fo...
Today we celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in ...
#ChemicalWeapons #BiologicalWeapons #Ukraine #UkraineRussiaWar #Statement
Comment of the MFA on the 100th Anniversary of the #1925GenevaProtocol
www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/kome...
[...]
The Geneva Protocol laid the foundation for the international legal ban on the use of chemical and biological ...
Comment of the MFA on the 100th Anniversary of the #1925GenevaProtocol
www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/kome...
[...]
The Geneva Protocol laid the foundation for the international legal ban on the use of chemical and biological ...
Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine - Comment of the MFA on the 100th Anniversary of the Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare
On June 17, 2025, the world marks the 100th anniversary of the sigOn June 17, 2025, the world marks the 100th anniversary of the signing of one of the most significant instruments in the field of international humanitarian law — the Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (the Geneva Protocol)
www.kmu.gov.ua
June 21, 2025 at 12:16 AM
#ChemicalWeapons #BiologicalWeapons #Ukraine #UkraineRussiaWar #Statement
Comment of the MFA on the 100th Anniversary of the #1925GenevaProtocol
www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/kome...
[...]
The Geneva Protocol laid the foundation for the international legal ban on the use of chemical and biological ...
Comment of the MFA on the 100th Anniversary of the #1925GenevaProtocol
www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/kome...
[...]
The Geneva Protocol laid the foundation for the international legal ban on the use of chemical and biological ...
#BiologicalWeapons #History #1925GenevaProtocol #Denmark
Professor Madsen and his contribution to the
Geneva Protocol of 1925 @petersen2023.bsky.social
www.biosikring.dk/fileadmin/us...
[...]
One of the scientists asked to serve in this subcommittee was the Danish physician and ...
Professor Madsen and his contribution to the
Geneva Protocol of 1925 @petersen2023.bsky.social
www.biosikring.dk/fileadmin/us...
[...]
One of the scientists asked to serve in this subcommittee was the Danish physician and ...
June 19, 2025 at 2:50 AM
#BiologicalWeapons #History #1925GenevaProtocol #Denmark
Professor Madsen and his contribution to the
Geneva Protocol of 1925 @petersen2023.bsky.social
www.biosikring.dk/fileadmin/us...
[...]
One of the scientists asked to serve in this subcommittee was the Danish physician and ...
Professor Madsen and his contribution to the
Geneva Protocol of 1925 @petersen2023.bsky.social
www.biosikring.dk/fileadmin/us...
[...]
One of the scientists asked to serve in this subcommittee was the Danish physician and ...