CONCLUSION: Collectively, these findings indicate that carvacrol exerts acaricidal activity through coordinated disruption of neural, antioxidant, signaling, and chemosensory pathways. Furthermore, its synergistic interaction with phoxim highlights its potential as a botanical acaricide that could complement conventional synthetic compounds and contribute to sustainable control strategies against R. annulatus.

Ticks are among the most significant ectoparasites of livestock and humans, posing serious health and economic risks. The growing resistance to conventional acaricides highlights the need for safer and more effective alternatives. This study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal efficacy of different ivermectin (IVM) nanoformulations against different developmental stages of Rhipicephalus sanguineus tick. Different ivermectin nanoformulations were fabricated and evaluated for their physicochemical...

Publication date: Available online 7 May 2026 Source: Veterinary Parasitology Author(s): Shahid Nazeer, Shahid Ullah Khan, Shamsheer Khan, Malik Muhammad Sohail Elahi, Syed Ishtiaq Anjum, Khalil ur Rehman, Ruoa Saleh Almahallawi, Amal Abdullah Aboras, Nada Ibrahim Alribdi, Umber Zaman

Publication date: Available online 7 May 2026 Source: Veterinary Parasitology Author(s): Shahid Nazeer, Shahid Ullah Khan, Shamsheer Khan, Malik Muhammad Sohail Elahi, Syed Ishtiaq Anjum, Khalil ur Rehman, Ruoa Saleh Almahallawi, Amal Abdullah Aboras, Nada Ibrahim Alribdi, Umber Zaman

The objective of this study was to evaluate essential oils (EOs) as an alternative control method for Rhipicephalus microplus and Amblyomma mixtum larvae. The EOs used were obtained by steam distillation from the leaves of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), mexican mint (Plectranthus amboinicus), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), peppercorns (Pimenta dioica), and peruvian pepper tree (Schinus molle). To evaluate the acaricidal effect of EOs against the larvae of two tick species, a larval immersion test (LIT) was performed using six concentrations (10 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL, 1.87 mg/mL, 1.25 mg/mL, and 0.6 mg/mL), in addition to a negative control group (water + ethanol) and three positive controls (organophosphate, formamidine, and pyrethroid). LIT results were obtained 48 h after exposure. Data were processed using Probit procedure to determine the lethal concentrations at 50% (LC50), 95% (LC95), and 99% (LC99). For R. microplus, 99% mortality was obtained at concentrations as low as 1.4 mg/mL for S. molle, while the highest LC99 was recorded with P. dioica at 23 mg/mL. In the case of A. mixtum, higher concentrations were required to achieve a high mortality rate. EO of P. amboinicus had the lowest acaricidal effect, requiring 26.2 mg/mL to achieve an LC99, while S. molle required a concentration of 6.9 mg/mL to achieve an LC99.

The objective of this study was to evaluate essential oils (EOs) as an alternative control method for Rhipicephalus microplus and Amblyomma mixtum larvae. The EOs used were obtained by steam distillation from the leaves of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), mexican mint (Plectranthus amboinicus), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), peppercorns (Pimenta dioica), and peruvian pepper tree (Schinus molle). To evaluate the acaricidal effect of EOs against the larvae of two tick species, a larval immersion test (LIT) was performed using six concentrations (10 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL, 1.87 mg/mL, 1.25 mg/mL, and 0.6 mg/mL), in addition to a negative control group (water + ethanol) and three positive controls (organophosphate, formamidine, and pyrethroid). LIT results were obtained 48 h after exposure. Data were processed using Probit procedure to determine the lethal concentrations at 50% (LC50), 95% (LC95), and 99% (LC99). For R. microplus, 99% mortality was obtained at concentrations as low as 1.4 mg/mL for S. molle, while the highest LC99 was recorded with P. dioica at 23 mg/mL. In the case of A. mixtum, higher concentrations were required to achieve a high mortality rate. EO of P. amboinicus had the lowest acaricidal effect, requiring 26.2 mg/mL to achieve an LC99, while S. molle required a concentration of 6.9 mg/mL to achieve an LC99.

In District Faisalabad, ticks, such as Hyalomma (H) anatolicum Koch and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Canestrini (Ixodida: Ixodidae), are significant ectoparasites impacting livestock and wildlife, transmitting pathogens that lead to substantial economic losses. The increasing resistance of tick populations to conventional acaricides necessitates te exploration of potential complementary approaches as control strategies, including nanoparticle formulations. The acaricidal effect of sulfur...

Publication date: Available online 28 January 2026 Source: Veterinary Parasitology Author(s): Ana Carolina de Souza Chagas, Gustavo Avelar Sousa, Rafaela Tami Ikeda Kapritchkoff, Luís Adriano Anholeto, Leonardo Aparecido Lima dos Santos, Vera Lúcia de Castro, Waldomiro Barion-Júnior, Alessandro Pelegrine Minho

Publication date: Available online 28 January 2026 Source: Veterinary Parasitology Author(s): Ana Carolina de Souza Chagas, Gustavo Avelar Sousa, Rafaela Tami Ikeda Kapritchkoff, Luís Adriano Anholeto, Leonardo Aparecido Lima dos Santos, Vera Lúcia de Castro, Waldomiro Barion-Júnior, Alessandro Pelegrine Minho

No abstract

Rhipicephalus sanguineus Latreille (Ixodida: Ixodidae) has an economic impact as it is a blood-feeding ectoparasite transmitting numerous pathogens to humans and animals. The present study evaluated the acaricidal effect of eucalyptus essential oil (EO) with the concentrations (40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5% and 2.5%), eucalyptus nano-emulsion (ENE) with the concentrations (30%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, and 2.5%), ENE combined with silver nanoparticles (ENE & SNPs) with the concentrations (5%, 4%, 3%, 2% and...

Haemaphysalis doenitzi is a parasite mainly found on the body surface of birds that is capable of transmitting rickettsiae and borrelia, which can cause serious zoonotic diseases. Chemical acaricides are controve...

Haemaphysalis doenitzi is a parasite mainly found on the body surface of birds that is capable of transmitting rickettsiae and borrelia, which can cause serious zoonotic diseases. Chemical acaricides are controve...

Dermanyssus gallinae is a common ectoparasite in the laying hen industry, damaging chicken health by sucking blood. With mites developing acaricide resistance, there's an urgent need for alternatives. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of 34 essential oils (EOs) on D. gallinae through contact and fumigation toxicity tests. Results from contact efficacy studies showed that clove basil, cinnamon, thyme, wintergreen, oregano, palmarosa, lemongrass and geranium EOs possessed significant...

Dermanyssus gallinae is a common ectoparasite in the laying hen industry, damaging chicken health by sucking blood. With mites developing acaricide resistance, there's an urgent need for alternatives. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of 34 essential oils (EOs) on D. gallinae through contact and fumigation toxicity tests. Results from contact efficacy studies showed that clove basil, cinnamon, thyme, wintergreen, oregano, palmarosa, lemongrass and geranium EOs possessed significant...

The increasing occurrence of Hyalomma ticks, especially H. scupense, H. anatolicum, H. marginatum and H. dromedarii, poses a serious threat to livestock health and production, prompting research on innovative tick control strategies. Hence, this review explores the efficacy of natural acaricides as a green alternative to synthetic acaricides. Several recent studies have demonstrated promising acaricidal activity, particularly of plant-derived essential oils and extracts, against these Hyalomma...

Based on earlier reports on acaricidal and repellent properties of Lavandula angustifolia and Salvia officinalis plants against various ectoparasites, including tick species, the present study was carried out using these essential oils (EOs) to explore the possibility of developing a potent herbal anti-tick formulation to manage cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. The EOs were evaluated against different life stages of ticks to provide a complete solution for tick control. The oils were also...

Publication date: Available online 4 June 2025 Source: Veterinary Parasitology Author(s): Shivam Singh Mehrotra, Mukesh Shakya, Mamta Singh, R.K. Bagherwal, Anil Kumar Sharma, Hemant Kumar Mehta

Publication date: Available online 4 June 2025 Source: Veterinary Parasitology Author(s): Shivam Singh Mehrotra, Mukesh Shakya, Mamta Singh, R.K. Bagherwal, Anil Kumar Sharma, Hemant Kumar Mehta

This study investigated the acaricidal efficacy of eugenol and 1,8-cineole against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks using in vitro adult immersion test (AIT) and larval packet test (LPT). Eugenol and 1,8-cineole were tested at concentrations of 80, 40, 20, 10, and 5 mg/mL for AIT. The concentrations of eugenol used were 100, 50, 25, 12.2, 6.25, 3.125, 1.56, and 0.781 mg/mL and 1, 8 cineole were 100, 50, 25, 12.2, 6.25, 3.125 mg/mL for LPT. The results showed that eugenol achieved 100%...

Nowadays, ticks are considered to be one dangerous blood-sucking ectoparasite for poultries, livestocks and even some wild animals. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the insecticidal activity of the essential oil extracted from Myristica fragrans Houtt. with the popular name nutmeg (NEO) against the camel ticks, Hyalomma dromedarii. When the engorged female ticks were immersed in 10 mL of NEO solution of the concentration 800 mg/mL for 5 min, the essential oil could not...

Publication date: May 2025 Source: Acta Tropica, Volume 265 Author(s): G.G. Molaba, P.K. Thethe, L.J. Shai, O.M.M. Thekisoe, K. Mtshali

Nowadays, ticks are considered to be one dangerous blood-sucking ectoparasite for poultries, livestocks and even some wild animals. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to investigate the insecticidal activity of the essential oil extracted from Myristica fragrans Houtt. with the popular name nutmeg (NEO) against the camel ticks, Hyalomma dromedarii. When the engorged female ticks were immersed in 10 mL of NEO solution of the concentration 800 mg/mL for 5 min, the essential oil could not...

Publication date: May 2025 Source: Acta Tropica, Volume 265 Author(s): G.G. Molaba, P.K. Thethe, L.J. Shai, O.M.M. Thekisoe, K. Mtshali