North America Intrathecal Pumps Market Size and Overview North America Intrathecal Pumps Market size was valued at USD 0.XX Billion in 2025 and is poised to grow from USD 0.

In ALS, persistent T cell responses relate to disease outcome differently in blood than in cerebrospinal fluid, with both intrathecal antigen presentation and cytomegalovirus-specific immunity linked to worse clinical outcomes.

Intrathecal Drugs for Postoperative Pain Management Market is reaching at a CAGR of 5.44 %, Expected to Grow from USD 1.95 Billion to USD 3.49 Billion During 2025 - 2035.

A large retrospective database analysis found that intrathecal chemotherapy in leptomeningeal disease was linked to a short-term survival advantage that did not persist, alongside higher rates of

To characterize T cell responses in the peripheral and intrathecal compartments of ALS, we generated a paired blood and CSF immune atlas by profiling 20 patients with sporadic ALS sampled around the time of clinical diagnosis. All individuals fulfilled the El Escorial criteria and exhibited at least two upper and two lower motor neuron signs11,15. Sampling was performed during diagnostic evaluation and before initiation of riluzole treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated immediately after collection, and all samples were processed for library preparation within 2 h using the 10x Genomics scRNA-seq and scTCR-seq platforms. Libraries were frozen at −20 °C after preparation and subsequently sequenced in batches of four to six paired samples. For comparative analyses, we incorporated publicly available CSF scRNA-seq and scTCR-seq datasets from 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls11,16. ALS-derived and control datasets were subjected to joint quality control and preprocessing using identical filtering criteria. After quality control, approximately 54,000 CSF-derived and 105,000 blood-derived immune cells from patients with ALS, together with 38,000 CSF-derived control cells, were retained for downstream analyses. Batch correction and dataset integration were performed using Harmony on the combined dataset (hereafter referred to as cohort A, n = 20). We focused...

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Background: European and Romanian recommendations for Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) emphasise cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis and a positive intrathecal antibody index (IAI) for diagnostic confirmation. We assessed whether antibiotic treatment in suspected LNB aligns with diagnostic recommendations. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-centre cohort study of patients with suspected LNB between 2008 and 2025, all with positive first-tier ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) Borrelia serology. Patients were classified as confirmed, probable, possible, or ruled-out LNB based on clinical presentation, serology, and CSF findings. We assessed factors associated with antibiotic treatment and temporal changes in diagnostic work-up and treatment patterns. Results: Among 58 patients, LNB was confirmed in 4 (6.9%), probable in 11 (19.0%), possible in 31 (53.4%), and ruled out in 12 (20.7%). Antibiotics were administered to 47 patients (81.0%), of whom 68.1% had possible or ruled out LNB. Antibiotic treatment was more frequent in early-stage than in late-stage disease (38/42, 90.5% vs. 9/16, 56.2%; p = 0.006); no significant association was detected with confirmed (p = 1.000) or ruled-out (p = 0.681) status. Between 2008 and 2019 and 2023–2025, IAI testing increased significantly (35.1% vs. 71.4%, p = 0.013), yet overall antibiotic use remained unchanged (81.1% vs. 81.0%, p = 1.000). Conclusions: Antibiotic treatment was poorly aligned with diagnostic classification, with most treated patients lacking confirmation. Improved diagnostic evaluation over time was not accompanied by a reduction in antibiotic use, highlighting a critical need for stronger diagnostic and antibiotic stewardship.