The present study demonstrated that low pH combined with modern TA conditions (i.e., the Low-pH treatment) impaired the calcification of A. kudakajimensis, consistent with previous observations under manipulated pCO₂ conditions11. Specifically, Low-pH treatment for 3 months during development resulted in a marked reduction in test weight, volume, and bulk density as assessed by microCT (Fig. 2a, c, e). Moreover, calcification quantity was significantly reduced in the Low-pH treatment compared to the Control, and in the Cretaceous treatment compared to the High-TA treatment (Supplementary Table S1), demonstrating a pH-dependent trend when TA is held constant (Supplementary Fig. S1). While species-specific resilience exists (e.g., in Marginopora vertebralis)12, a strong dependence of calcification on external carbonate chemistry has been widely observed across diverse marine calcifiers, including foraminifers29,38, corals39, and coccolithophores40. Further, bulk density was also significantly reduced under the Low-pH treatment (Fig. 2e). This finding contrasts with previous culture experiments demonstrating that, under controlled temperatures ranging from 19 °C to 29 °C, the bulk density of LBFs remained constant despite significant variations in the quantity of calcification (i.e., test weight and volume)17,18. This discrepancy suggests that, while LBFs are capable of maintaining shell quality in response to thermal stress, this control mechanism is...

The present study demonstrated that low pH combined with modern TA conditions (i.e., the Low-pH treatment) impaired the calcification of A. kudakajimensis, consistent with previous observations under manipulated pCO₂ conditions11. Specifically, Low-pH treatment for 3 months during development resulted in a marked reduction in test weight, volume, and bulk density as assessed by microCT (Fig. 2a, c, e). Moreover, calcification quantity was significantly reduced in the Low-pH treatment compared to the Control, and in the Cretaceous treatment compared to the High-TA treatment (Supplementary Table S1), demonstrating a pH-dependent trend when TA is held constant (Supplementary Fig. S1). While species-specific resilience exists (e.g., in Marginopora vertebralis)12, a strong dependence of calcification on external carbonate chemistry has been widely observed across diverse marine calcifiers, including foraminifers29,38, corals39, and coccolithophores40. Further, bulk density was also significantly reduced under the Low-pH treatment (Fig. 2e). This finding contrasts with previous culture experiments demonstrating that, under controlled temperatures ranging from 19 °C to 29 °C, the bulk density of LBFs remained constant despite significant variations in the quantity of calcification (i.e., test weight and volume)17,18. This discrepancy suggests that, while LBFs are capable of maintaining shell quality in response to thermal stress, this control mechanism is...

microCT scan of a honey bee (Apis mellifera) worker stinger. Specimen was contrast stained using iodine. Images collected at the Australian National University CTLab. Different tissues have been segme...

The symbiotic relationship between the legume Medicago sativa and the soil bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti results in the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Traditional destructive methods, including paraffin sectioning, vibratome sectioning, and cryosectioning, have been applied to visualize how bacteria occupy the nodule, making it extremely difficult to obtain reliable three-dimensional information. These approaches are often combined with fluorescent labeling or staining, which can introduce additional stress affecting plant growth and nodule formation. MicroCT has emerged as a relatively quick, easy, and robust tool for plant biology that can non-destructively visualize plant histological features in three dimensions (3D), thereby avoiding destructive artifacts during sample preparation and ensuring high-fidelity 3D reconstruction. While microCT has been applied to legume root nodules, a detailed established protocol that documents the process from plant harvest and sample preparation to scanning and software visualization is lacking.

Abstract. Stomata are pores in the leaf epidermis that regulate the trade-off between CO2 uptake for photosynthesis and water vapor loss to the atmosphere.

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