Odei A.-Etxearte (Santa Coloma de Gramenet, 1982) acaba de publicar Les segrestadores (la Segona Perifèria), una recerca apassionant sobre les dones que van lluitar perquè els barris on vivien tingues...

Odei A.-Etxearte (Santa Coloma de Gramenet, 1982) acaba de publicar Les segrestadores (la Segona Perifèria), una recerca apassionant sobre les dones que van lluitar perquè els barris on vivien tingues...

We know that microplastics are a major source of ocean pollution and have countless negative effects on both marine life and human beings. **But what exactly are microplastics?** Today, we extend a special welcome to Odei García, an oceanography expert and PhD researcher at the University of Barcelona. **ODEI GARCÍA GARIN** PhD Researcher at the University of Barcelona Marine Biologist & Biological Oceanographer. He joins us for lunch at Baldomero, a restaurant located at Passatge Mercader, 16, in Barcelona. We meet to discuss what microplastics are and better understand their effects on our lives. Microplastics are becoming an increasingly familiar topic in our everyday lives, so today we sit down with Odei García to learn more. Microplastics are plastic particles smaller than five millimeters. At that size, it is easy to imagine how they can find their way almost anywhere; and how their impact can be far greater than we might expect. There are different types of microplastics, classified by their shape. First, there are _fibers_ , probably the most abundant microplastics in both marine and terrestrial environments. They generally have a primary origin, meaning that they were already microplastics when they originated, mainly in the textile industry. Second, there are _fragments_ , which generally have a secondary origin: they come from the breakdown and degradation of larger plastic objects. Finally, there are _spheres_ , which also have a mainly primary origin. These are used particularly in personal hygiene and skincare products, such as toothpaste and facial creams. One of the most common questions, however, is: _how do microplastics reach the sea?_ > An estimated 4.8–12.7 million metric tons of plastic waste entered the ocean from land in 2010. [1] There are many pathways. A large proportion enters through inadequately treated wastewater. Every time we run a washing machine, for example, hundreds of synthetic fibers are released. _(The Plymouth study found roughly 138,000 to 729,000 per 6 kg load, depending on fabric)_ [1] & [2]. Rivers are another important source: they collect waste throughout their journey across the land and eventually discharge large quantities into the sea. Some microplastics also originate directly in the marine environment, from boat paint, fishing nets, and other waste generated by human activities at sea. This substantial, uncontrolled flow of microplastics into the marine environment means that millions of plastic particles are now present in every sea and ocean in the world, from the Arctic to Antarctica. It is estimated that there are more than five trillion pieces of plastic in the sea. Each year, another 4.8 to12.7 metric tons of plastic are added, out of the total of 275 million of plastics and synthetic fibers produced annually worldwide _(this numbers correspond to the year 2010)_. [3] Microplastics accumulate particularly in enclosed or semi-enclosed seas surrounded by densely populated cities, such as the Mediterranean. They also accumulate at the centers of large ocean gyres, where currents are almost nonexistent and large quantities of microplastics are retained. The vast **_“plastic island”_** in the North Pacific is already well known, with an estimated 80,000 metric tons of floating plastic. Photography by: Naja Bertolt Jensen As we might expect, this enormous quantity of waste entering the marine environment has profoundly negative effects on marine animals and plant species. Microplastics affect organisms ranging from small invertebrates such as zooplankton to fish, turtles, seabirds, and large marine mammals such as whales. Microplastics also contain toxic additives used to improve their durability and strength. These additives can enter the tissues of marine animals and, at high concentrations, may act as endocrine disruptors or carcinogens. This also affects humans: _eating a contaminated fish can transfer toxic additives into our own tissues._ [4] Microplastics are also present in the water we drink, the air we breathe, and almost everywhere on the planet, however remote. After this clear explanation, one of our first thoughts is about the future. The outlook seems challenging, **_but what measures should we take?_** First, we need to **reduce our plastic consumption**. Above all, we should avoid single-use plastic products, such as packaging and bags. We should also limit our use of textiles made from plastic fibers. Achieving this requires stricter legislation on plastics and much greater public awareness. **Beach and ocean cleanups** are also useful, although the main objective should be to prevent plastics from reaching the marine environment in the first place. > Microplastics can enter our diets through seafood, but their implications for human health remain uncertain. [2] We continue reflecting on the daily impacts we cause automatically and unconsciously. **We urgently need to stop the flow of plastics into the sea** , because the consequences can be disastrous. Many species are endangered, and many habitats are already severely degraded. Microplastics only make the situation worse. We are destroying the marine environment, its species, and the life within it. Let’s take greater responsibility for the environment we live in, starting by changing our consumption habits. Our message is clear: change is urgently needed; now! We finish our wonderful lunch at Baldomero feeling, honestly, a little discouraged. But Odei tells me something I will always remember: “Miriam, take it easy. Getting angry and anxious doesn’t help.” And he is absolutely right. Step by step, day by day, we are working to change our consumption habits, research further, and share stories and articles with you to keep raising awareness and doing what we can. Thank you for being here and for reading! We will keep sharing with you. Remember, if you would like to contribute content to this editorial, simply get in touch at thereserveeditorial@gmail.com. * * * _Notes:_ [1 _] Napper, I.E. & Thompson, R.C. (2016). “Release of synthetic microplastic plastic fibres from domestic washing machines: Effects of fabric type and washing conditions.” Marine Pollution Bulletin. DOI link: _https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.025 _[2]_ University of Plymouth press release_. It reports that laundering an average 6 kg load could release an estimated 137,951 fibres from polyester-cotton blend, 496,030 from polyester and 728,789 from acrylic. Your range of 138,000 to 729,000 is correct rounding._ [3]_A landmark 2015 study estimated that 192 coastal countries generated 275 million metric tons of plastic waste in 2010, with 4.8_ to _12.7 million metric tons entering the ocean from land that year._ _[4]Seafood can_ expose __ people _to microplastics, which may contain chemical additives or carry contaminants. Scientists are still investigating what this exposure means for human health._ ## Sign up for The Reserve An independent journal exploring nature, conservation, and our relationship with the planet. Subscribe Email sent! Check your inbox to complete your signup. No spam. Unsubscribe anytime.

Odei A.-Etxearte (Santa Coloma de Gramenet, 1982) acaba de publicar Les segrestadores (la Segona Perifèria), una recerca apassionant sobre les dones que van lluitar perquè els barris on vivien tingues...

DK Sessions proiektuko bosgarren saioan ØDEI izan da gonbidatua, eta Nun da Wally? kantua eskaini du. ØDEI, Odei Barrosoren  (Urruña, 1988) izen artistikoa da. 20

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