In places most prone to wildfires and hurricanes, state “insurers of last resort” are absorbing trillions of dollars in risk.

Risk Management staff told the Human Resources Committee the department operates three programs (property & casualty, workers' compensation and benefits), that the city is largely self‑insured, and that stop‑loss insurance reimburses claims above a per‑claim threshold; staff reported substantial reimbursements this year and noted staffing of three.