An introduction to pragmatic encroachment, the view that the pragmatic or practical stakes of a belief can make a difference to whether that belief is justified or known.

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Water Drop Theory™ examines how a whole can be understood through the smallest cognitive units of observation. It studies how observations vary across observers, contexts, positions, and moments, and how that variation changes our understanding of the whole. #WaterDropTheory #Epistemology #TheoryOfKnowledge #PhilosophyOfKnowledge #Observation #KnowledgeConstruction #CognitiveScience #EpistemicDiscipline #Evidence #Uncertainty #Contradiction #CognitiveArchitecture

Chapter II examines observation as a situated act. A Water Drop is observed by an observer, from a position, within a context, at a particular moment and under particular circumstances. Observation, interpretation and comparison remain distinct. #WaterDropTheory #TheoryOfKnowledge #Epistemology #Observation #TheoryOfObservation #PhilosophyOfKnowledge #KnowledgeTheory #CognitiveScience #ScientificMethod #Evidence #ObservationScience #EpistemicDiscipline #CriticalThinking #KnowledgeSystems #ResearchMethodology

Chapter III examines comparison as the relationship between distinct observations of a Water Drop. Similarity is not confirmation, repetition is not independence, and difference is not contradiction. The chapter establishes how observations may correspond, converge, diverge, challenge or contradict one another without prematurely assigning evidential value. #WaterDropTheory #Epistemology #PhilosophyOfKnowledge #TheoryOfKnowledge #Observation #Evidence #CriticalThinking #Knowledge #AI #Methodology

What is the ideology that propels scientists to go to so much trouble? Think, for example, of the hazards involved in a voyage from Europe to our part of the world in the 18th century. Why would you g...