The population of Italy is projected to decrease by approximately 8% by 2050, falling from 59 million in 2022 to 54.4 million, due to increased ageing and a declining birth rate. By 2050, more than 35% of Italians will be older than 65 years, while children younger than 14 years will represent only 11.7% of the population. Without reforms, this demographic shift will strain health-care and social systems.