LightNews — News, ranked by scholars

Jacek Szczygieł

@speleojacek.bsky.social

Not only do speleothems make caves enjoyable! Textbook hypogene morphology in Brzozowa #cave in the Polish Jura upland: cupolas, feeders, ghostrock.

September 28, 2025 at 2:05 PM

mcldf

@lttlmkkl.bsky.social

#measurable miss loss clock go Too slow confuse wild insensible influence impute evil incontinence tumble TumulT COMMOTION TOSS Tussle Tumify Feign cool hip Fleshy Thigh peevish invoke society community hypogene epigene plutonic Suite OF house confine limit enclose couch stoop Stitches embed #vss365

November 22, 2025 at 5:37 PM

Christie Rowe

@keepitrheol.bsky.social

learn something new every day! hypogene speleogenesis!

Mara Reed @geyserite.bsky.social · Aug 25

Recently learned this photo taken inside a Nevada cave picked up a merit award at this year's National Speleological Society photo salon. This cave formed from hypogene speleogenesis, where the water that dissolves the rock travels up from below. The red color is from hydrothermal alteration. 🧪⚒️

Photo of caver in red shirt and green pants on left side of image. One arm is extended to the left and the other is curved upward with a single finger touch a large curved section of white rock. His shadow is cast onto the right side of the image.

August 26, 2023 at 9:59 PM

Emiliano Monroy Ríos

@mantarayo.bsky.social

Ya está publicada en el canal de la Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists (ASEG) la conferencia que impartí sobre el "Modelo de formación del anillo de cenotes en Yucatán" (México) por si resulta de su interés (en inglés).

👇🧪
www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZzB...

#caves #karst #hypogene

Chicxulub’s Enduring Echoes: Unravelling the Secrets of Yucatán’s Ring of Cenotes

YouTube video by ASEG Videos

www.youtube.com

August 28, 2025 at 11:54 PM

Emiliano Monroy Ríos

@mantarayo.bsky.social

The video of the talk I gave on the Model for
the Formation of the Chicxulub Ring of Cenotes in the
Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico) is available on the Australian Society of Exploration Geophysicists (ASEG) channel.

👇🧪
www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZzB...

#caves #karst #hypogene #speleogenesis

Chicxulub’s Enduring Echoes: Unravelling the Secrets of Yucatán’s Ring of Cenotes

YouTube video by ASEG Videos

www.youtube.com

August 29, 2025 at 2:39 AM

Emiliano Monroy Ríos

@mantarayo.bsky.social

A genetic model for the ring of cenotes (ROC) is presented, which suggests pre-impact geothermal circulation of marine water, followed by post-impact vertical fluxes around the Chicxulub low-permeability structure which facilitated hypogene karstification.

👇🧪
www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZzB...

Chicxulub’s Enduring Echoes: Unravelling the Secrets of Yucatán’s Ring of Cenotes

YouTube video by ASEG Videos

www.youtube.com

September 1, 2025 at 5:56 PM

💧🌏 Greg Cocks

@kiwiincolorado.bsky.social

#GISCorps Is Looking To Help #Phreatic With #Remote #Spatial #Volunteers
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www.phreatic.org
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www.giscorps.org
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#GIS #spatial #mapping #seacaves #Sardinia #cave #caving #Italy #3dmapping #environmental #speleology #hypogene #groundwater #marine #coast #coastal
@giscorps.bsky.social | @Phreatic

February 21, 2025 at 11:50 PM

Mara Reed

@geyserite.bsky.social

Recently learned this photo taken inside a Nevada cave picked up a merit award at this year's National Speleological Society photo salon. This cave formed from hypogene speleogenesis, where the water that dissolves the rock travels up from below. The red color is from hydrothermal alteration. 🧪⚒️

August 25, 2023 at 7:11 PM

Andrew Gelston

@agelston.bsky.social

Try it out.
This is "Detail the antimony occurrences in the US that are most economic". You then need to toss the occurrences back into a different model

I may disable this in the end it's pretty heavy. I use it as a reference to then feed into financial DD

ingested ALL of mindat.org and alot

$The **Stibnite Gold Project in Valley County, Idaho** represents the most economically significant primary geologic antimony occurrence in the United States, hosting company-reported proven and probable mineral reserves of **14.2 million tons of 0.42% antimony ore**. On an immediate basis, the **secondary recycling of antimonial lead from spent lead-acid batteries** is the only active, commercially profitable domestic supply stream, yielding **3,500 metric tons valued at $73 million** in 2024. To provide a rigorous geoeconomic and metallurgical analysis, I have created a detailed executive report, `antimony-economic-occurrences.md`, which is now available in your Studio panel. This document delivers a comprehensive evaluation structured around your active operational protocols: * **Mineral Characterization:** Detailed stoichiometric and structural baseline parameters for primary minerals like **stibnite ($Sb_2S_3$)**, **boulangerite ($Pb_5Sb_4S_{11}$)**, and **getchellite ($AsSbS_3$)** as well as secondary alteration oxides like **stibiconite** and **bindheimite**. * **Deposit Architecture & Zonation:** Geological mapping of hydrothermal vein and replacement systems, detailing hypogene mineralization and the supergene leaching profiles relative to local water tables. * **Extractive Flowsheet Design:** Step-by-step industrial processing sequences from grinding circuits to **xanthate froth flotation cells**, **alkaline sulfide leaching tanks**, and **electrowinning (SX-EW) circuits** to yield 99.65% pure Sb metal. * **Techno-Economic Viability:** A quantitative viability assessment comparing grades, processing complexities, and the **85% U.S. net import reliance** against modern geopolitical realities—specifically the **December 2024 Chinese export bans** and the consequent rise of spot prices to **$17.50/lb**. You can access and review the full report directly in your right-hand panel.$ $4. PROJECT VIABILITY & PROFITABILITY ASSESSMENT Reestablishing domestic antimony independence requires evaluating geological certainty, flowsheet complexity, import dependence, and market conditions. A. The Stibnite Gold Project (Valley County, Idaho) Geological Certainty: High. The deposit holds company-reported proven and probable mineral reserves of 14.2 million tons grading 0.42% Sb (representing approximately 59,640 short tons or 54,100 metric tons of contained antimony metal) [163]. Technical Complexity: Moderate-High. The deposit is polymetallic, requiring a dual flotation circuit to separate the gold-bearing pyrite/arsenopyrite from the stibnite concentrate. The refractory nature of the gold locked in the iron-sulfides requires pressure oxidation autoclaves prior to cyanidation [163]. Viability & Profitability: Exceptional. Backed by $59.4 million in Department of Defense capital injections [163], the project is economically insulated from initial capital expenditure overruns. At current market prices ($17.50/lb vs. historical averages of $5.49/lb) [160, 162], the co-production of antimony alongside high-grade gold is highly profitable and represents the most viable primary antimony mining asset in the Western Hemisphere.$ $Primary (Hypogene) Economic Minerals Primary mineralization is typically hosted in low-temperature hydrothermal veins, hot springs, or disseminated carbonate replacement bodies [164, 410]. Under high-temperature to mesothermal deep conditions, antimony is transported as bisulfide complexes in weakly acidic fluids. As these fluids rise, cool, and depressurize, they deposit stibnite ($Sb_2S_3$) [590] and complex lead-silver-copper sulfosalts like boulangerite ($Pb_5Sb_4S_{11}$) [48], owyheeite ($Ag_3Pb_{10}Sb_{11}S_{28}$) [526], and tetrahedrite [103] in the hypogene zone. Secondary (Supergene) Alteration Minerals Supergene weathering alters the economic architecture of these deposits. When pyrite and other iron-bearing sulfides in the hypogene zone oxidize, they generate localized sulfuric acid. This acidic, oxygenated groundwater percolates through the vadose zone, leaching out base metals (copper, silver, lead) and chemically altering primary stibnite [81, 581]: In simple antimony-bearing veins, stibnite alters to secondary stibiconite ($Sb_3O_6(OH)$) [585] or mopungite ($NaSb(OH)_6$) [509] in the oxidized cap. In polymetallic lead-antimony systems, galena and stibnite weather to form bindheimite ($Pb_2Sb_2O_7 \cdot H_2O$) [45]. In copper-antimony or silver-antimony systems, weathering generates partzite [532] and stetefeldtite [581]. Companion and Byproduct Elements Antimony is highly associated as a byproduct or companion element. In Mississippi Valley-Type (MVT) deposits of the Eastern United States, it is a minor byproduct associated with major zinc-lead systems [164]. In Carlin-type gold systems (such as the Getchell and Carlin mines in Nevada), antimony is hosted as getchellite ($AsSbS_3$) or getchellite-rich coatings on pyrite, acting as a pathfinder and byproduct of gold mineralization [438, 71].$