A parametric design space was constructed, spanning eight classes of metamaterials using four procedural geometry generators (Fig. 2). The classes comprise ordered truss lattices, ordered plate lattices, disordered truss lattices, disordered plate lattices, ordered bicontinuous TPMS microstructures, ordered shell TPMS microstructures, disordered bicontinuous spinodoid microstructures, and disordered shell spinodoid microstructures. These classes differ in structural family, degree of order, periodicity, and geometric representation, thereby providing a heterogeneous test bed for language-guided multiclass inverse design. The first generator constructs ordered truss and plate lattices from preset unit-cell topologies. Twelve unit-cell topologies were included: body-centered cubic, simple cubic, cuboctahedral, diamond, face-centered cubic, octahedral, octet-truss, rhombic cuboctahedral, rhombic dodecahedral, truncated cubic, truncated cuboctahedral, and truncated octahedral cells. The unit cells were periodically repeated according to a user-defined cell count. Solid truss lattices were obtained by assigning a radius to their edges, whereas plate lattices were generated by assigning a thickness to selected cell faces. The principal modeling parameters were therefore unit-cell topology, cell number, and truss radius or plate thickness6,37,38,39. The second generator creates disordered truss and plate lattices through 3D periodic Voronoi tessellation. Seed coordinates were initialized using Mitchell’s best-candidate algorithm, after which a periodic Laguerre–Voronoi diagram was constructed21,22,40. The edges or...

The life and times of a dinosaur may be written in its blood — if blood can be preserved in bone. Tiny microstructures found in the limb bones of a fossilized 115-million-year-old specimen are the remnants of red blood cells, researchers report…

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

A study of an Aratasaurus museunacionali fossil in Brazil has identified oval microstructures and heme molecules, providing what researchers call the strongest evidence yet of red blood cells in a dinosaur.

A study published in PNAS reports the detection of heme-related molecules and ellipsoidal microstructures within the hind limb of an Aratasaurus museunacionali fossil.

A study published in PNAS reports the detection of heme-related molecules and ellipsoidal microstructures within the hind limb of an Aratasaurus museunacionali fossil.

The structures of metallic melts are of utmost significance for understanding liquid properties, atomic dynamics, and solidification behaviors, including the formation of solidified microstructures. I...

The life and times of a dinosaur may be written in its blood — if blood can be preserved in bone. Tiny microstructures found in the limb bones of a fossilized 115-million-year-old specimen are the remnants of red blood cells, researchers report November 2 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The team says these are both the oldest red blood cell structures yet identified and the first to be chemically proven. But not everyone is as sanguine about that conclusion. Sign up for our newsletter…

Researchers have uncovered a hidden mechanism within the ocean’s "marine snow" that could fundamentally alter how scientists calculate the Earth's carbon