Realm of Taiwu is a The Scroll of Taiwu spin-off. The story unfolds across an alternate branching timeline of the original universe: the Taiwu Hero never arrives, the Fuyu Sword falls to Xiangshu, and...

Yijing Dao - Calling Crane in the Shade: A website dedicated to reviews of books on the Yijing or I Ching, the ancient Chinese oracle known as the Book of Changes, but also containing a complete 'Intr...

by Xiangshu Qiu, Rongguang Lu, Jiaxin Tian, He Zhang, Jiyong Zhou, Mengsi Sun, Xinyu Cao, Xiangyu Zhu, Bocheng Liu, Qihui Yu, Yuanyuan Li, Hualei Wang, Ningyi Jin, Huijun Lu, Ning Shi Getah virus (GETV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, poses an emerging threat to public health with its increasingly broad host spectrum. While glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) serve as critical attachment factors for many alphaviruses and the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) facilitates the cellular entry of several members, the precise viral determinants governing these interactions and their implications for viral virulence remain poorly defined. Here, we introduced an H86Y substitution, a potential adaptive mutation site, within the E2 glycoprotein of GETV using reverse genetics. The H86Y mutant replicated more efficiently in mosquito C6/36 cells but was consistently attenuated across several mammalian cell lines. In susceptible mouse models, H86Y infection led to reduced viral loads, milder histopathology, and lower inflammatory responses compared with the parental virus, yet still elicited robust protective immunity in adult mice. Mechanistically, a series of functional assays, including infection in GAG-deficient cells, decoy inhibition, co-immunoprecipitation, receptor overexpression and knockdown, and biolayer interferometry, demonstrated that the residue 86 in E2 glycoprotein is a critical determinant for GETV binding to both GAGs and LDLR. The H86Y mutation concurrently reduces these interactions, contributing the impairment of virus attachment and entry into mammalian cells. Furthermore, the GAG-binding site functionally overlaps with the LDLR interaction interface. In LDLR-deficient suckling mice, the impaired replication of H86Y persisted in examined tissues. However, pre-treatment with heparinase nearly completely eliminated this attenuation phenotype, further confirming that LDLR and GAG are the key host factors mediating attenuation phenotype for H86Y. In summary, the residue 86 of the GETV E2 glycoprotein represents a determinant of viral virulence, and an H86Y mutation attenuates GAGs and LDLR-dependent infection, providing mechanistic insights into alphavirus-host interactions and a potential target for antiviral and vaccine development.

by Xiangshu Qiu, Rongguang Lu, Jiaxin Tian, He Zhang, Jiyong Zhou, Mengsi Sun, Xinyu Cao, Xiangyu Zhu, Bocheng Liu, Qihui Yu, Yuanyuan Li, Hualei Wang, Ningyi Jin, Huijun Lu, Ning Shi Getah virus (GETV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, poses an emerging threat to public health with its increasingly broad host spectrum. While glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) serve as critical attachment factors for many alphaviruses and the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) facilitates the cellular entry of several members, the precise viral determinants governing these interactions and their implications for viral virulence remain poorly defined. Here, we introduced an H86Y substitution, a potential adaptive mutation site, within the E2 glycoprotein of GETV using reverse genetics. The H86Y mutant replicated more efficiently in mosquito C6/36 cells but was consistently attenuated across several mammalian cell lines. In susceptible mouse models, H86Y infection led to reduced viral loads, milder histopathology, and lower inflammatory responses compared with the parental virus, yet still elicited robust protective immunity in adult mice. Mechanistically, a series of functional assays, including infection in GAG-deficient cells, decoy inhibition, co-immunoprecipitation, receptor overexpression and knockdown, and biolayer interferometry, demonstrated that the residue 86 in E2 glycoprotein is a critical determinant for GETV binding to both GAGs and LDLR. The H86Y mutation concurrently reduces these interactions, contributing the impairment of virus attachment and entry into mammalian cells. Furthermore, the GAG-binding site functionally overlaps with the LDLR interaction interface. In LDLR-deficient suckling mice, the impaired replication of H86Y persisted in examined tissues. However, pre-treatment with heparinase nearly completely eliminated this attenuation phenotype, further confirming that LDLR and GAG are the key host factors mediating attenuation phenotype for H86Y. In summary, the residue 86 of the GETV E2 glycoprotein represents a determinant of viral virulence, and an H86Y mutation attenuates GAGs and LDLR-dependent infection, providing mechanistic insights into alphavirus-host interactions and a potential target for antiviral and vaccine development.