iCloud services have changed greatly since their introduction in October 2011. Here's a thorough run-down on iCloud today, from dataless files to FileProvider.

Can Graham make it to November?

`MaybeUninit<T>` is a `union` (a tagless `enum`) between a dataless variant called `uninit` and a variant with `T` data called `value`. `Option<T>` is an `enum` between a dataless variant called `None` and a variant with `T` data called `Some`. In other words, (ignoring optimizations and focusing on semantics,) `Option<T>` is very similar to a `(bool, MaybeUninit<T>)` pair, where the boolean tag indicates whether the second field is initialized. The initialization is checked at runtime instead of compile time. With typestate, you have two separate types, one which is dataless and one which has `T` data. This is already possible with `()` and `T` respectively, even if wrappers around `MaybeUninit<T>` could serve the same purpose. Incremental initialization could be interesting.

Cloud computing has become the backbone of the modern digital world. From streaming services and mobile apps to enterprise software and artificial intelligence, almost everything today runs on cl...

2025-11-08