Target Level: Secondary (Class 10) & Senior Secondary Foundation (Class 11 — CBSE, UP Board English Medium, ICSE & State Boards) Subject: Science / Chemistry (Chemical Sciences — Chapter 4) Topic Focus: Tetravalency, Catenation, Saturated vs. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons, IUPAC Nomenclature, Esterification, and Soap Micelle Mechanics 1. Introduction & Real-World Relevance Look around your immediate environment: the food you digest, the cotton or synthetic clothes you wear, the books you read, the life-saving medicines in pharmacies, the plastics in electronic devices, and the fuels powering global transportation (petrol, diesel, CNG). Despite making up only 0.02% of the Earth's crust and 0.04% of the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, …

Abstract. Enzyme immobilization can be carried out in either batch or flow mode. Developing flow-through enzymatic reactions requires integrating upstream

With PraxiLabs' organic molecules virtual lab you can perform electrophilic substitution, esterification, and reaction mechanisms in a safe 3D environment

With PraxiLabs' organic molecules virtual lab you can perform electrophilic substitution, esterification, and reaction mechanisms in a safe 3D environment

The enzymatic esterification of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with long-chain fatty acids offers a sustainable route for producing biolubricants and other high-value chemicals. This work evaluates the...

We investigated esterification reactions between decanoic acid (10-carbon long fatty acid, DA) and four different HAs: glycolic acid (GA), L-lactic acid (LA), L-malic acid (MA), and L-phenyllactic acid (PLA) (Fig. 1), to produce the O-acylhydroxy acids. Decanoic acid and single HAs (either GA, LA, MA, or PLA) were allowed to react under dry conditions in the absence of water, other than water originating in the raw materials for 7 days at 85 °C at a 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4 molar ratio (in favor of the HAs). Following the reaction, we analyzed the resulting products via LC-UV-MS, FTIR, and NMR. We found that all four HAs reacted to produce either hydroxy acid oligoesters (oligomers of pure HAs) or lipid-conjugated oligoesters containing oligoesters covalently bound to DA (Fig. 2A, B). For all HAs tested, the DA-HAs conjugates contained one DA and n-HAs, as expected. Typically, the number of products and their concentration (both hydroxy acid oligoesters and lipid-conjugated oligoesters) increased as the amount of the HA increased, with the exception of PLA, for which no significant differences were observed as the molar ratio increased (Figs. S1–S21). When examining the effect of DA:LA molar ratio on DA conversion across different batch sizes, we...

Polymeric nanoparticles acting as sources of selenium (Se) are currently an interesting topic in cancer chemotherapy. In this study, polyglycerol dendrimer (DPGLy) was functionalized with seleno-methyl-selenocysteine (SeMeCys) by means of Steglich esterification with 4-dimethylaminopyridine/(l-ethyl …

Recurrence is a major clinical challenge in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Gu et al. examine human HCC samples to identify drivers of disease recurrence and find that inhibiting the cholesterol esterification enzyme SOAT1 impairs tumor redox resilience, enhances T cell-mediated immunity, and improves the efficacy of anti-PD-1 and CAR-T therapy across multiple models.

Read the full paper: Optical photothermal infrared imaging of fatty acid esterification in the ER of living cells

Submicron IR imaging of palmitic acid metabolism in live cells reveals diacylglycerol buildup and gel phase changes in the ER.