Chapter 3 of This Land Is Your Land, by Beverly Gage: During the 1820s and 1830s, the federal government expelled not only the Five Civilized Tribes, but also Delawares and Kickapoos, Potawatomis and Miamis, Peorias and Meskwakis and Ottawas -- some eighty-thousand people, all told. Expulsions and land loss had happened before, throughout the Northeast as well as the South. But there was something different about the 1830s, when it occurred not in dribs and drabs, through deceptive treaties or extralegal violence, but as a matter of federal policy.

The Black Hawk War was a conflict between the United States and Native Americans led by Black Hawk, a Sauk leader. The war erupted after Black Hawk and a group of Sauks, Meskwakis (Fox), and Kickapoos, known as the "British Band", crossed the Mississippi River, to the U.S. state of Illinois, from Iowa Indian Territory in April 1832. Black Hawk's motives were ambiguous, but he was apparently hoping to reclaim land that was taken over by the United States in the disputed 1804 Treaty of St. Louis.

Le capitaine Nicolas-Antoine Coulon de Villiers (mort en 1733) a lutté contre la nation des Renards (Meskwakis) dans la région des Grands Lacs. Arrivé au Canada en 1700, il reçoit le grade d’enseigne ...

ALT: a group of military helicopters flying over a city