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This study investigates the presence and genetic characteristics of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in non-human primates (NHPs) and their human caretakers across four major Indonesian islands. Researchers screened 237 NHPs from 10 species alongside 65 human caretakers, identifying HBV DNA in East Javan langurs, gibbons, orangutans, and humans. Serological evidence of exposure was found in multiple species, with notable prevalence in gibbons and orangutans. Phylogenetic analysis placed langur HBV strains within the gibbon clade, raising questions about cross-species transmission mechanisms due to genetic differences between langurs and gibbons. The study highlights the potential for zoonotic spread and underscores the need for continued surveillance at primate-human interfaces. Findings suggest widespread HBV circulation among Old World monkeys, with immune responses like HBsAb indicating prior exposure. These results contribute to understanding HBV's ecological dynamics and public health implications in regions where human-primate interactions are common.

ZIKV related to African strain MR766 caused neuropathology in wild Brazilian howler monkeys, implying multiple introductions and sylvatic maintenance