Methodological expectations for demonstration of health product effectiveness by observational studies

Read each clinical or research vignette carefully. Identify key features such as number of participants, presence or absence of a comparison group, timing of data collection, and study focus (individual vs population level, genetic vs environmental). Then, match each vignette to the correct study design type: case series, cross-sectional study, cohort study, case-control study, twin concordance study, adoption study, or ecological study. This exercise strengthens understanding of epidemiologic methods and is essential for USMLE and public health exams.

Explore the unification of observational research with a next-generation virtual approach in decentralised clinical trials (DCTs). Learn more about the benefits and advancements in this innovative met...

Emily Ricotta, PhD, MSc, discusses how observational studies shape early decisions and address challenges in infectious disease outbreaks

Target trial emulation (TTE)-oriented study designs can improve RWE acceptability, mitigate bias, evaluate clinically relevant treatment strategy, and more

The same principles GRADE proposed for bodies of evidence addressing treatment and overall prognosis work well in assessing individual prognostic factors, both in noncontextualized and contextualized ...