IntroductionHighly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b has spread widely across South America, but its genomic diversity and patterns of introd...

Since the onset of the pandemic, many SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged, exhibiting substantial evolution in the virus’ spike protein1, the main target of neutralizing antibodies2. A plausible hypothesis proposes that the virus evolves to evade antibody-mediated neutralization (vaccine- or infection-induced) to maximize its ability to infect an immunologically experienced population1,3. Because viral infection induces neutralizing antibodies, viral evolution may thus navigate on a dynamic immune landscape that is shaped by local infection history. Here we developed a comprehensive mechanistic model, incorporating deep mutational scanning data4,5, antibody pharmacokinetics and regional genomic surveillance data, to predict the variant-specific relative number of susceptible individuals over time. We show that this quantity precisely matched historical variant dynamics, predicted future variant dynamics and explained global differences in variant dynamics. Our work strongly suggests that

The rapid evolution of RNA viruses implies that their evolutionary and ecological processes occur on the same time scale. Genome sequences of these...

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses like H5N1, H5N6, and H7N9 pose an evolving global threat due to their capacity to infect birds, mammals, and occasionally humans, with sporadic outbreaks and ...

Research on SARS-CoV-2 in zoo tigers, lions, and hyenas shows rapid viral evolution and adaptation, offering insights into cross-species transmission dynamics.

Here, the authors detect clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses in elephant seals associated with a mass mortality event in Argentina, show that the viruses belong to a clade primarily seen in marine mammals in ...

Forecasts of viral variation could improve vaccine and antiviral treatments ahead of time.

Avian influenza viruses undergo frequent genetic reassortment, which can coincide with phenotypic changes in transmission, pathogenicity, and host species niche. Since 2020, clade 2.3.4.4b H5 high pat...

The α-H1N2 influenza virus in swine poses a higher pandemic risk due to its ability to evade human immunity and transmit between species, highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring.