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**Authors:** Hunter Monroe This paper characterizes when one axiomatic theory, as a proof system for tautologies, $p$-simulates another, by showing: (i)~if c.e. theory $\mathcal{S}$ efficiently interprets $\mathcal{S}{+}\phi$, then $\mathcal{S}$ $p$-simulates $\mathcal{S}{+}\phi$ (Je\v{r}\'abek in Pudl\'ak17 proved simulation), since the interpretation maps an $\mathcal{S}{+}\phi$-proof whose lines are all theorems into an $\mathcal{S}$-proof; (ii)~$\mathcal{S}$ proves ``$\mathcal{S}$ efficiently interprets $\mathcal{S}{+}\phi$'' iff $\mathcal{S}$ proves ``$\mathcal{S}$ $p$-simulates $\mathcal{S}{+}\phi$'' (if so, $\mathcal{S}$ already proves the $\Pi_1$ theorems of $\mathcal{S}{+}\phi$); and (iii)~no $\mathcal{S}$ $p$-simulates all theories. Result (iii) implies $\textbf{P}{\neq}\textbf{NP}{\neq}\textbf{coNP}$, using the nonrelativizing fact ``no c.e. theory interprets all c.e. theories'' (false for $\mathcal{S}$ with predicate for true sentences). To explore whether this framework resolves other open questions, the paper formulates conjectures stronger than ``no optimal proof system exists'' that imply Feige's Hypothesis, the existence of one-way functions, and circuit lower bounds.