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Print article Share More than 92,000 people have registered to attend the COP31 climate summit in Antalya, Turkey, potentially making it the largest COP in history. Carbon Brief analysis of the...

Print article Share More than 92,000 people have registered to attend the COP31 climate summit in Antalya, Turkey, potentially making it the largest COP in history. Carbon Brief analysis of the...

Print article Share More than 92,000 people have registered to attend the COP31 climate summit in Antalya, Turkey, potentially making it the largest COP in history. Carbon Brief analysis of the...

Turkey opened COP31, the U.N. climate summit, in Antalya on Nov. 9. Two months earlier, a nationwide police operation against LGBTI groups led to at least 116 arrests in 15 provinces, Amnesty International says. “There can be no climate justice without the freedom to demand it,” Marta Schaaf, Amnest

Representatives from nearly 200 countries will gather on Turkey’s Mediterranean coast for two weeks of climate talks, as war-driven energy security fears, surging AI power demand and US disengagement put new pressure on the fight against global warming. #cop31#climatesummit #antalya #turkey #climatechange #live #Reuters #news Keep up with the latest news from around the world:

ANTALYA, Turkey (AP) — World leaders, delegates and climate activists on Monday kicked off talks in Turkey on curbing climate change, which in the last year has led to rising temperatures and deadly heat waves in Europe and beyond, and played a role in disasters such as the devastating floods in Nepal. This U.N. climate summit — called the Conference of the Parties, or COP31 — comes as the war in Iran has effectively closed the Strait of Hormuz, hiking global prices of gasoline, oil and products made with them, such as fertilizers and pesticides. The disruption has pushed governments to rethink energy policies and increased investment in renewable energy sources like wind and solar. "For too many people, climate change is deadly," U.N. climate chief Simon Stiell said on Monday. "At this COP, nations face a choice: electric or shock. Rewire the global economy for the electric age. Or accept ongoing fossil fuel cost pain for families, firms and governments." "The climate crisis is now a global health crisis of pandemic proportions," he said. Earlier, Stiell also said that agreeing on practical solutions, such as reducing methane emissions, can be "planetary icepacks" that can help reduce global heating. Methane...

Turkey is making electrification a central theme of this year’s UN climate summit, Cop31, which it is currently hosting in the Mediterranean city of Antalya alongside Australia. The ambition is to raise the share of global energy demand met by electricity from 20% today to 35% by 2035. But there is a tension in this agenda. More electrification will only cut emissions if the electricity comes from cleaner sources. In Turkey, coal and natural gas still account for more than half of electricity generation, while the country is also pursuing new oil and gas exploration deals. Ahead of a speech at the summit, the country’s president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announced what he called the “encouraging” discovery of two new oilfields. Turkey occupies an unusual position under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the overall treaty under which the annual climate summits and the Paris agreement emissions targets operate. When the convention was established in 1992, it divided countries into three main groups according to their economic circumstances and responsibilities for tackling climate change. Annex I countries include industrialised nations and economies in transition that are expected to take the lead in cutting emissions. Annex II is a smaller...

The questions that matter are how much finance will actually flow to developing countries, how adaptation will be measured and paid for, and whether mounting pressure on coal and emission targets will respect the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” (CBDR-RC). What is a COP? A COP is the annual meeting of countries that signed the 1992 UNFCCC. In Antalya, there will be three meetings in focus: COP31, the 21st session of the Conference of Parties serving as the meeting of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP21), and the 8th session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of Parties to the 2015 Paris Agreement (CMA8). The Paris Agreement asks every country to submit a nationally determined contribution (NDC), essentially its own climate plan, every five years, with the shared ambition of holding warming well below 2°C while pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. Because decisions require consensus, a single country can hold up an agreement. How is COP31 different from previous COPs? COP venues rotate among the UN’s regional groups, and 2026 was the turn of the “Western European and Others” group to host. Turkey bid with Antalya, and Australia bid with...

The annual gathering faces rising pressure to accelerate climate action and deliver on implementation, as projections indicate the world will overshoot the 1.5°C (2.7°F) global warming threshold, raising questions about the Paris Agreement legacy.

ANTALYA, Turkey -- World leaders, delegates and climate activists on Monday will begin negotiations on curbing climate change, which in the last year has led to rising temperatures, deadly heat waves in Europe and beyond, and has played a role in disasters like the devastating floods in Nepal. This U.N. climate summit, called the Conference of the Parties, or COP31, also comes as the war in Iran has effectively closed the Strait of Hormuz, pushing up global prices of gasoline and oil and myriad products made with them, such as fertilizers and pesticides. The disruption has pushed governments to rethink energy policies, both in the short-term and long-term, including increased investment in renewable energy sources like wind and solar. Delegates, meeting in the Turkish Mediterranean resort city of Antalya, will come under pressure to develop new pledges for climate action while implementing previous promises. The stakes are high: climate scientists say global average temperature rise will exceed 1.5 C (2.7 F) since the early 1800s. Limiting temperature rise to that threshold was a goal established during the 2015 Paris Agreement. Since then, it's been a focus of international climate negotiations. That the goal is no longer realistic underscores how difficult...

The UN climate summit COP31 opens on Monday in Türkiye's Mediterranean city of Antalya, with governments under growing pressure to turn climate pledges into concrete action and increase support for vulnerable countries. The November 9-20 conference brings together world leaders, ministers, negotiators, scientists and civil society representatives to discuss emissions reductions, climate adaptation and climate financing. Türkiye holds the conference presidency, while Australian Climate Change and Energy Minister Chris Bowen will lead negotiations. A World Leaders' Summit is scheduled for November 11-12. Held under the theme “COP of the Future – COP of Implementation”, the summit aims to translate climate commitments into measurable results. The presidency's Action Agenda prioritises the transition to clean energy and electrification, zero waste and methane reduction, climate-resilient cities, green industrialisation, food security and the protection of oceans and seas. Other priorities include youth and education, resilient health systems and cooperation on climate change, biodiversity and land degradation. Proposed targets for 2035 include increasing electricity's share of global final energy consumption to 35 percent, reducing energy-use intensity in buildings by at least 25 percent and raising the global circular material use rate to at least 15 percent. RelatedTRT World - Türkiye gears up to host COP31...

Graham Readfearn The president of last year’s Cop30 in Brazil, the veteran Brazilian diplomat André Aranha Corrêa do Lago, is presenting his roadmap for “Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels in Energy Systems” on a stage here in Antalya. Alongside him is the UN secretary-general, António Guterres, former US secretary of state, John Kerry, and British conservative politician, Lord Alok Sharma, who was the president of Cop26 in Glasgow. A pretty remarkable lineup. The very large plenary room is packed. Share Graham Readfearn A short update on our Cop31 bus journey from hell. We have arrived. It only took three and a half hours. And it turned out I had the key for our Guardian Cop31 media cubicle, which meant my colleagues had to do some wrangling to get inside. But to show they bore no grudges and, as a testament to the collegiate and supportive spirit that exists within the Guardian’s Cop31 reporting team, here is what greeted me at my desk after my odyssey. Maybe I’ll try the tram tomorrow. Share Summit host Turkey celebrates new oilfields As Turkey convenes world leaders to forge agreements that stop climate breakdown, its own leader is celebrating new fossil fuel exploration. President...

World leaders, delegates, and climate activists have gathered in Antalya, Turkey, for the 31st Conference of the Parties (COP31) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The summit, taking place against the backdrop of a year marked by extreme weather events including deadly heatwaves in Europe and catastrophic floods in Nepal, aims to address the urgent need for climate action. This year's summit is particularly significant as climate scientists warn that global temperatures are on track to exceed the 1.5°C threshold established under the 2015 Paris Agreement, a goal now deemed unattainable. Turkish Environment Minister Murat Kurum, who chairs COP31, has emphasized that the focus should shift from setting new targets to implementing existing commitments. His 'Action Agenda' includes reducing methane emissions, building climate-resilient cities, and increasing renewable energy use from 21% to 35% by 2035. The summit also addresses the need for financial support for developing nations to adapt to climate impacts and transition from fossil fuels. However, the absence of the United States, which has withdrawn from climate negotiations under President Donald Trump, poses a challenge. Previous summits, such as COP30 in Brazil and COP29 in Azerbaijan, faced criticism for lacking concrete agreements on emission reductions, while COP28 in Dubai marked the first agreement to transition away from fossil fuels. COP31 is jointly organized by Turkey and Australia, both of which face criticism for their reliance on coal. Despite these challenges, UN Climate Change Executive Secretary Simon Stiell expressed confidence that COP31 will make essential progress in the global climate effort.

The article presents a satirical take on the upcoming COP31 climate summit, framed as a future scenario set in 2126. It describes a classroom setting beneath the Earth's remaining ocean, where students are learning about the climate crisis that led to the disappearance of most of the planet's water. The piece is published by 'First Dog on the Moon', a satirical platform known for its environmental commentary. The article includes a call to sign up for email updates about new cartoons and promotes merchandise from the 'First Dog' shop. The content is clearly a fictional, humorous piece rather than a factual news report, using the future setting to critique current climate inaction. The article's tone is satirical, with the title posing a rhetorical question about whether COP31 is a 'huge scam', suggesting skepticism about the effectiveness of climate summits. The piece is part of a broader satirical commentary on climate policy and environmental issues, using the fictional future scenario to highlight the potential consequences of current climate policies. The article does not provide factual information about COP31 but instead uses humor and exaggeration to make a point about climate change. The mention of 'penguins of the future' is a satirical reference to the idea that future generations will face the consequences of today's climate decisions. The article's content is clearly intended as satire, not as a serious news report, and it uses the fictional future setting to underscore the urgency of addressing climate change now. The piece is part of a series of satirical cartoons by 'First Dog on the Moon', which has been publishing environmental commentary through humor for some time. The article's structure and content are consistent with satirical journalism, using exaggeration and fictional scenarios to comment on real-world issues. The article does not claim to be factual but rather presents a humorous take on climate policy. The piece is clearly not a news report but a satirical commentary, and it should be understood as such. The article's purpose is to provoke thought about climate inaction through humor and exaggeration, rather than to provide factual reporting on COP31. The content is consistent with the satirical nature of the platform, which uses humor to address environmental issues. The article's fictional future setting serves to emphasize the potential long-term consequences of current climate policies, making a point about the need for immediate action. The piece is not intended to be taken literally but rather as a creative commentary on climate policy. The article's tone is light-hearted but carries a serious message about the urgency of climate action. The satirical approach is common in environmental commentary, using humor to engage audiences on serious issues. The article does not provide any factual information about COP31, but rather uses the summit as a springboard for satire. The piece is part of a broader trend in media where satire is used to comment on political and environmental issues. The article's content is clearly fictional and humorous, not a factual news report. The article's purpose is to critique climate inaction through humor, not to report on COP31 events. The fictional future scenario is a common device in satirical commentary to highlight the consequences of current actions. The article's structure and content are consistent with satirical journalism, using exaggeration to make a point about climate policy. The piece is clearly not a news report but a satirical commentary, and it should be understood as such. The article's message is that climate action is urgent, and current policies are insufficient, using humor to underscore this point. The article does not provide any factual data about COP31 but uses the summit as a fictional backdrop for satire. The satirical nature of the piece is evident from the fictional future setting and the humorous tone. The article's purpose is to engage readers with a creative take on climate policy, not to provide factual reporting. The piece is part of a series of satirical cartoons by 'First Dog on the Moon', which has been publishing environmental commentary through humor for some time. The article's fictional future setting serves to emphasize the potential long-term consequences of current climate policies, making a point about the need for immediate action. The article's tone is light-hearted but carries a serious message about the urgency of climate action. The satirical approach is common in environmental commentary, using humor to engage audiences on serious issues. The article does not provide any factual information about COP31, but rather uses the summit as a springboard for satire. The piece is part of a broader trend in media where satire is used to comment on political and environmental issues. The article's content is clearly fictional and humorous, not a factual news report. The article's purpose is to critique climate inaction through humor, not to report on COP31 events. The fictional future scenario is a common device in satirical commentary to highlight the consequences of current actions. The article's structure and content are consistent with satirical journalism, using exaggeration to make a point about climate policy. The piece is clearly not a news report but a satirical commentary, and it should be understood as such.

The 31st Conference of the Parties (COP31) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change will begin Monday in Türkiye's Mediterranean resort city of Antalya, bringing together heads of state, senior officials, academics, and civil society representatives from around the world. First held in Berlin in 1995, the annual summit provides a platform for countries party to the convention to assess progress in combating climate change, develop common solutions, and make decisions shaping global climate policies. Türkiye will preside over this year's conference, which runs on November 9-20 and addresses key decisions on sustainable development and climate policies. A 1.1 million-square-meter (11.8 million-square-foot) venue has been prepared in Antalya for COP31, organised under the theme COP of the Future – COP of Implementation, built around three pillars: dialogue, consensus, and action. The conference aims to strengthen trust and cooperation among countries, promote shared responsibility, and translate climate commitments into concrete, measurable actions. Activities will take place in two designated areas, the Blue Zone and the Green Zone. Blue Zone prepared for high-level meetings Official negotiations under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, high-level meetings, and diplomatic talks will be held in the Blue Zone, where access will be controlled...

Ireland will take on a leading role in global climate negotiations when the COP31 summit begins in Turkey on Monday. It comes amid growing pressure on wealthy countries to deliver on commitments to tackle climate change. Minister for Climate, Energy and the Environment, Darragh O'Brien, has said the European Union needs to change its approach to developing countries following the sometimes-bitter disagreements at last year's summit in Brazil. However, Irish environmental organisations have warned that progress will depend on wealthy countries providing significantly more financial assistance to poorer nations, particularly through grants rather than loans. The COP31 summit, which takes place in Antalya from 9 - 20 November, will bring together representatives of almost every country in the world to negotiate measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and help countries adapt to the growing impacts of climate change. Ireland holds the rotating Presidency of the Council of the European Union and will play a central role, alongside the European Commission, in coordinating and leading the EU's negotiating effort. Speaking ahead of the summit, Minister O'Brien said Ireland will have considerably greater responsibilities than at previous climate conferences. He said the EU needed to approach the negotiations with a greater understanding...

Satellites have detected massive methane emissions from Turkish landfills, including one near Istanbul that ranks among the world’s largest recorded landfill sources of the greenhouse gas, according to research reported Saturday, November 7. The findings come as Turkey prepares to host the United Nations COP31 climate summit in Antalya from November 9 to 20, with methane reduction among its priorities. Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles analyzed observations from Carbon Mapper’s Tanager-1 satellite, identifying 70 methane plumes at Turkey’s 10 highest-emitting waste sites between January 2025 and May 2026. At the Seymen landfill west of Istanbul, observed emissions averaged approximately 7.4 metric tons per hour. The facility receives roughly 8,500 tons of household garbage daily, more than 40% of the city’s municipal waste. Methane, released as organic material decomposes, traps more than 80 times as much heat as carbon dioxide over a 20-year period. Reducing emissions can slow global warming relatively quickly. According to Climate TRACE, an international emissions-monitoring organization, Turkey ranks fifth worldwide for methane emissions from solid waste, behind China, the US, Russia, and Brazil. Turkey’s Environment Ministry challenged the satellite findings’ representativeness, arguing that intermittent observations cannot establish annual emissions. It pointed to improvements in...

The 31st United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP31) begins in Antalya, Turkiye, on Monday, November 9, bringing together representatives from nearly 200 countries for two weeks of discussions on tackling climate change. The opening day will focus on food, agriculture and health, highlighting how rising temperatures and changing weather patterns are affecting food production, water resources and people's well-being. Running until November 20, the summit comes amid growing concerns over extreme weather, rising global temperatures and the ability of vulnerable countries to cope with climate change. The broader focus will be on turning existing climate promises into practical action, with particular attention to financing, reducing emissions and helping countries adapt to a warming planet. WHAT IS PLANNED FOR DAY 1 OF COP31? Food, agriculture and health form the central theme of Monday's programme. One of the key discussions will examine how innovative solutions for climate-resilient food systems can be financed, bringing together organisations including the UN Development Programme and the Adaptation Fund. The programme will also feature discussions on improving agricultural practices, water management and understanding how climate change affects sustainable development, drawing on findings from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Health will receive dedicated attention, with the...

Representatives from around the world will gather in Antalya, Turkey, from November 9 to 20 for the thirty-first Conference of the Parties (COP31) to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Although it is an annual event, this year’s climate summit is notable for two reasons: first, it coincides with the tenth anniversary of the Paris Agreement entering into force; and second, the United States—the world’s second-largest and historically biggest emitter, which formally withdrew from the agreement at the start of this year—will not send an official delegation. (Members of Congress and US businesses will still attend.) With the legacy of the Paris Agreement in question, COP31 president Murat Kurum has set the goal of moving beyond climate pledges to the concrete implementation of existing commitments. Alongside the formal COP agenda, Kurum has introduced an Action Agenda organised around 10 themes, including the clean energy transition and electrification, zero waste and methane reduction, and climate-resilient cities. The COP31 presidency has also put forward voluntary pledges, including a 35-by-35 pledge aimed at increasing electricity’s share of total energy consumption to 35% by 2035—up from 23% today—as well as a commitment encouraging countries, corporations and investors to make artificial intelligence (AI) more sustainable. COP31 comes after three decades of work on climate change. Major concrete outcomes are not expected, but hope remains that parties can press forward on goals such as methane emissions reductions, adaptation and finance, and accelerating the implementation of existing COP agreements. What progress has been made since the Paris Agreement? There are achievements to be celebrated at COP31. When the Paris Agreement was negotiated in 2015, the world was on track to experience catastrophic warming of 3.7°C–4.8°C (6.7°F–8.6°F) by 2100. Thanks to policy shifts and the growth of clean energy, including a spectacular increase in global solar capacity by 2025 to over 10 times what it was in 2015, projected warming by the end of the century has fallen. Under current policies, temperatures are now expected to rise by around 2.8°C (5.0°F), or around 2.6°C (4.7°F), if the most recent climate commitments are fully implemented. This is still an extremely dangerous level of warming, but bending the curve downward by a degree spares the Earth from some of the worst consequences of climate change. The heat is already beginning to bite: August 2026 joined July 2023 as the hottest month on record globally. What’s on the agenda at COP31? The summit in Antalya will cover familiar points of discussion from previous COPs, including climate finance, greater emissions reduction and funding for loss and damage in countries that have contributed the least to climate change. Of these, finance will likely prove the most contentious issue on the formal negotiating agenda. Climate finance. Article 9.1 of the Paris Agreement states that developed countries “shall provide” financial resources to developing nations “with respect to both mitigation and adaptation”—but who pays, in what form, and how much are matters of long-standing debate. At COP31, developing nations will continue pressing developed countries to deliver on existing funding commitments, including the COP29 goal to mobilise at least $300bn per year in climate finance by 2035 and the COP30 call to at least triple adaptation finance over the same period. Developed countries provided and mobilised a record $136.7bn in climate finance in 2024, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Although developing nations are seeking faster and larger payouts and note that loans can add to debt distress, developed nations are under financial stress from increased fuel costs. Fossil fuels. How to treat fossil fuels is a recurring point of contention at recent COPs. At COP30, the parties failed to formalise a roadmap for transitioning away from fossil fuels, even though the measure drew support from a broad coalition of more than 80 countries. The outcome of COP30—the Belém Political Package—omitted the words “fossil fuels” from the official text. Vulnerable nations, civil society groups, environmental nongovernmental organisations, and other actors viewed the omission as a major pullback from the Glasgow Climate Pact (COP26), which called for the phasedown of unabated coal power and phaseout of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, and the United Arab Emirates Consensus (COP28), which explicitly called for transitioning away from fossil fuels. To quell the tension, the COP30 presidency published elements of a voluntary roadmap ahead of COP31. Emissions reductions. The COP31 formal agenda includes the Mitigation Work Program, an initiative designed to accelerate emissions reductions. In a June lead-up meeting to COP31, however, nations could not agree on the terms of the initiative, including whether it should drive cuts or remain a space for dialogue. Negotiators have also clashed over the Global Goal on Adaptation, tussling over whether to reference the call to triple adaptation finance into the formal text and how to shape metrics and indicators to measure progress. Other topics. Another issue likely to feature is the just transition mechanism agreed to be developed at COP30. The mechanism aims to strengthen cooperation and provide technical support to economies transitioning away from carbon-intensive industries. But questions remain over how the mechanism should operate in practice, and further dialogue on the topic is scheduled to take place at COP31. Additionally, since COP26 in Glasgow, when the Global Methane Pledge was introduced, more than 150 countries have signed on to reduce methane emissions. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that is responsible for about 30% of global warming and plays a significant role in near-term heating. There are low-cost, readily available ways to cut methane, and doing so now would help slow the rate of heating. There are hopes that COP31 will help accelerate ambition to cut methane emissions, particularly in the oil and gas sectors. What’s standing in the way of climate action? The Paris Agreement’s stretch goal of limiting global warming to 1.5°C (2.7°F) has slipped out of reach, according to the 2026 Emissions Gap Report by the UN Environment Program. The report finds that efforts to keep warming to well below 2°C (3.6°F) would require emissions to fall 18% by 2030, 45% by 2035, and 69% by 2040, compared with 2025 levels. Yet current national commitments will not yield that level of reduction. Beyond the lack of ambition shown by many countries, additional headwinds have emerged with the potential to push the 2°C goal even further out of reach. One such headwind is the delay in science-based reporting. The second global stocktake—an inventory check of progress toward meeting the Paris Agreement’s goals—will begin at COP31, but the scientific process that underpins it is sputtering. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the UN-backed body of scientists responsible for assessing the latest climate science, has failed to reach agreement on when it will finalise the next set of working-group reports. The IPCC had proposed publishing the reports in 2028, but member states were unable to agree on a timeline at a meeting in October. A group of countries, including China and Saudi Arabia, argued that more time was needed because the dominance of developed nations in climate science skewed IPCC findings. But delaying the timeline means that nations could base their next round of national commitments to reduce emissions on outdated science. Some scientists and experts warn that in the absence of updated, comprehensive climate science reporting, climate ambition could wane among some parties. Adding to the headwinds is uncertainty over the outcomes of national elections. In the United States, control over both chambers of Congress could decide if climate change regains prominence in national policymaking or not. In Europe, recent electoral gains by right-wing parties could see climate policies falling out of favour and new limits placed on climate-related action. Climate change is also receiving less attention now than it was during the heady days of the Paris Agreement. Media coverage of the issue has declined over the last four years in several regions around the world, including Europe and North America, according to a study by the University of Colorado Boulder. And the number of journalists registered to attend the June lead-up meeting to COP31 reached its lowest level since 2021. Is COP worth all the effort? While the summit in Turkey is not the first COP to take place without the United States’ participation, the country’s continued absence comes during a consequential time for the COP process amid continuing questions about its effectiveness. The emphasis on implementation, present at COP30 as well, reflects a widespread concern that the summits’ outcomes are long on dialogue and commitment and short on concrete action. Those are fair criticisms. One thing that the COP process does well, however, is keeping the issue of climate change on the global agenda. Every year, countries know that they will be expected to show up and, to some extent, lay bare what they have (or have not) accomplished on climate action. Moreover, the annual convening provides countries with an opportunity to build coalitions on pressing problems, such as accelerating efforts to cut methane. COP31 isn’t expected to be characterised by one big outcome or breakthrough. But that nations continue to convene in this formal channel shows that climate action and the hope for a better future that it portends is not going away. The authors of this article are Alice C. Hill, a Council on Foreign Relations expert and David M. Rubenstein senior fellow for energy and the environment & Angus Soderberg, a research associate, climate change policy. This work represents the views solely of the author(s). The Council on Foreign Relations is an independent, nonpartisan membership organisation, think tank and publisher, and takes no institutional positions on matters of policy. The article was originally published here on the Council on Foreign Relations website. It is republished under Creative Commons licensing (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Licence).

World leaders, delegates and climate activists Monday will begin negotiations on curbing climate change, which in the last year has led to rising temperatures, deadly heat waves and wildfires in Europe and beyond, and has played a role in disasters including the devastating floods in Nepal. This United Nations climate summit, called the Conference of the Parties, or COP31, also comes as the war in Iran has effectively closed the Strait of Hormuz, pushing up global prices of gasoline and oil and myriad products made with them, such as fertilizers and pesticides. The disruption has pushed governments to rethink energy policies, both in the short term and long term, including increased investment in renewable energy sources like wind and solar. Delegates, meeting in the Turkish Mediterranean resort city of Antalya, will come under pressure to develop new pledges for climate action while implementing previous promises. The stakes are high: Climate scientists say the global average temperature rise since the early 1800s will exceed the long-established cap of 1.5 degress Celsius, or 2.7 Fahrenheit. Limiting temperature rise to that threshold was a goal established during the 2015 Paris agreement. Since then, it’s been a focus of international climate negotiations. That the...