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Roth, S., Purkayastha, B., & Denskus, T. (Eds.). (2024). Handbook on humanitarianism and inequality. Edward Elgar Publishing.
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#migrationstudies #inequalities #humanitarianism #colonialism #researchethics #ethodologies
Handbook on Humanitarianism and Inequality
‘This Handbook is an excellent addition to the study of humanitarianism as a multifaceted practice with diverse histories, geographies, and indeed inequalities, unsettling conventional narratives of h...
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December 31, 2024 at 10:03 PM
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EFTA00227381 | EFTA00228346 EFTA00228346 Case No. 08-80736-CV-MARRA 18 4 It should be noted that although the government need not use the narrowest or least intrusive search methodology, some courts in the computer and paper document contexts have required ethodologies that to some extent limit government discretion amtprotect privacy. See. e.g. United States. Carey, 172 F.3d 1268,1273-75 (10th Cir. 1999); United States 11. Heldt 668 F.2d 1238, 1267 (D.C. Cir. 1982). ...the warrant arguably might have provided for a "less invasive search of Adjani's [email) 'inbox' and 'outbox' for the addressees specifically cited in the warrant, as opposed to the wholesale search of the contents of all emails purportedly looking for evidence • reflecting' communications with those individuals." Avoiding that kind of specificity and limitation was not unreasonable under the circumstances here, however. To require such a pinpointed computer search, restricting the search to an email program or to specific search terms, would likely have failed to cast a sufficiently wide net to capture the evidence sought. Cf. Ross, 456 U.S. at 821, 102 S.Ct. 2157 ("When a legitimate search is under way, and when its purpose and its limits have been precisely defined, nice distinctions between closets, drawers, and containers, in the case of a home, or between glove compartments, upholstered seats, trunks, and wrapped packages, in the case of a vehicle, must give way to the interest in the prompt and efficient completion of the task at hand:'). Moreover, agents arc limited by the longstanding principle that a duly issued warrant, even one with a thorough affidavit, may not be used to engage in a general, exploratory search. 452 F.3d at 1149-1150. Courts are increasingly recognizing that due to the complexity of the ways in which computers can store data, and the ways in which data can be hidden on computers, restrictions based on file types may inappropriately limit the scope of a legitimate search. In United States I. Adiani 452 F.3d 1140 (9th Cir. 2006), the court observed that Moreover, courts have repeatedly approved broad search methodologies where they sought evidence within the scope of the wa t. In general ,"[t]he touchstone of the Fourth Amendment is reasonableness." Florida I. Jimeno, 500 U.S. 248, 250 (1991). In United States,. Gray 78 F. Supp.2d 524 (ED. Va. 1999), for example, FBI agents searched four computers pursuant to a warrant in connection with unauthorized computer intrusions into NIH systems. While following routine FBI procedures, the CART agent "looked briefly at each of the files contained" on the hard disk, including .jpg files found in directories entitled "Teen" and "Tiny Teen." Defendant proffered expert testimony that the tool used by the agent could have been modified to determine, without viewing the contents of a file, whether it contained pictures or text. The Court refused to hold the government at fault for not performing this step. "The resolution of the motion to suppress does not turn on whether [the Agent] conducted the most technically advanced search possible, but on whether the search, as conducted, was reasonable.... [A]s computer technology changes so rapidly, it would be unreasonable to require the FBI to know of, and use, only the most advanced computer searching techniques." No authority supports the proposition that the search method used to examine a computer's hard drive must be the "narrowest" or "least inirusive."4 As a preliminary matter, it is hard to imagine how to define these terms, impossible to see how an examiner would ever know, ex ante, if there may be a narrower way to achieve a goal, and questionable whether a court would be competent to answer these questions. B. Must search method be narrowest or least intrusive? Attorney-client privileged material Law enforcement sensitive P-000966
April 24, 2026 at 8:48 PM
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EFTA02458524 | EFTA02458525 3. Things "they" do not want us to know - History: can we open and fully access our government vaults after a =ew decades, to find out what was really going on behind the scenes? Can =e integrate and report on the things that accidentally become public =nowledge now (such as the background of Benghazi, the leaked US cables, =he organization of the Arab spring or the Orange Revolution in the =kraine) to get a more nuanced and accurate model of history, and better =rojections for present and future? Some topics are probably =eliberately and perhaps permanently obscured for policy reasons, such =s the death toll of Chernobyl. Can we start serious and objective =esearch efforts into such topics? - Finance, wealth, ownership: It is debatable whether it is in the =nterest of society to have an accurate public model of wealth =istribution, of the actual dynamics of the monetary systems, the =ecision making hierarchies and responsibilities etc. However, it is =ertainly important to have such a model within the academic and policy =dvisory bodies. - Administration, power dynamics and mass control: Democracy is an =mportant invention to stabilize societies, but the democratic narrative =s not well-aligned with how our societies actually work. (It is also =ot clear that a thoroughly democratic society could work beyond the =cale of a city state, like Iceland.) The techniques to control and =lign large groups of people seem to be largely informal, and the =ynamics that make leaders, popstars, gurus, ideas and ideologies =opular or hated appear mysterious, instead of being properly analyzed. 4. Things that are not well-aligned with scientific careers Scientific paradigms develop specific methodologies and thereby diverge. =hen the methodology does not fit the question, we often need to start =ew paradigms, which threaten the investment of competing scientists =nto their existing methodology. As a result, many sciences stick with =ethodologies that make progress on their original question very hard: =sychology, neuroscience, sociology, parts of fundamental physics and =inguistics seem to be stuck, yet radical breaks with current =ethodologies are often seen as heresy. Paradoxically, the aversion is =arger when the science is under stress (i.e. unproductive), while a =roductive, successful field seems to have a high tolerance of novelty =nd diversity. 5. Things that are outside of the Overton Window Every society has a range of acceptable opinions. Science tries to be =eutral, i.e. the value of statement is entirely given by the evidence =hat supports it, yet a science that explores statements that conflict =ith societal narratives puts researchers at risk. Genetics and la =ender and sexuality, markets vs. regulation, autism and nerdculture, =ome to mind. In this category are also evidence based crime prevention (are prisons =n effective way to reduce crime? how can we establish a feedback loop =etween the legal code and its application, and the results they have on =ociety?), evidence based poverty reduction, evidence based treatment of =ddiction, and evidence based analysis of benefits of diversity in the =orkplace. In all these areas, our policies tend to be dictated by our =alues, not by the consequences of the implementation of the policies =ith respect to our preferred outcomes. 6. Things that are (relatively) harmless, but forbidden Germline modification, cloning, extended PID etc. will likely not have =armful effects on the whole of society if they are studied at a very =mall scale, and have the potential for great progress in healthcare, =ognitive science, nutrition science and other fields. These studies =ause a visceral reaction in most people, because they are not only =utlawed, but seem to change our identity as a species. It is hard to =uantify this damage and to weight it against the benefits. 2 EFTA_R1_01562928 EFTA02458525
April 10, 2026 at 6:47 AM