Eukaryotic microalgae fundamentally contribute to marine primary production throughout the year. However, a comprehensive understanding of their year-round fluctuations in coastal ecosystems remains limited. In this study, we identified the major microalgae and their fluctuation patterns in Osaka Bay by analyzing the 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of seawater samples collected monthly for 18 months. The eukaryotic community structure, comprising over 3000 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), exhibited clear seasonal dynamics. In particular, Picochlorum geojense (Trebouxiophyceae) was the major microalga in Osaka Bay, reaching a relative abundance of over 60% in summer. The highest relative abundance of P. geojense was even higher than that of other bloom-forming species in Osaka Bay: the raphidophycean Heterosigma akashiwo and the diatom Skeletonema spp. The canonical correspondence analysis suggested that temperature and phosphate significantly influenced the community dynamics. Furthermore, co-occurrence network analysis identified a positive correlation between the heterotrophic bacterium Cryomorphaceae and P. geojense, suggesting a potential biotic association. Similarly, ASVs of major diatoms and dinoflagellates were estimated to function as highly connected ecological hubs, given their co-occurrence with multiple ASVs. These results showed that the seasonal dynamics of dominant microalgae in Osaka Bay were associated with environmental factors and showed co-occurrence patterns with specific prokaryotes.

The 420kg pumpkin is at the Secret Garden Centre in Quex Park in Birchington.

The 420kg pumpkin is at the Secret Garden Centre in Quex Park in Birchington.

The Pet Food Microalgae Market was valued at USD 1.2 billion in 2025 and is poised to grow from USD 1.

The Pet Food Microalgae Market was valued at USD 1.2 billion in 2025 and is poised to grow from USD 1.

Over the past two decades, Chinese hamster ovary cells have dominated monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. Although this mammalian cell system carries high operational and capital costs, it aligns well with regulatory requirements for producing high-value, modest-scale therapeutics. However, microalgal systems offer the benefits of light-driven growth, low-cost media, and the potential for significant and efficient scalability, providing a promising route for producing lower-cost mAbs. Reduced production costs and increased scale open novel market opportunities well beyond the therapeutic space. Here, we investigate the history of mAb production in microalgae, the recent molecular and bioprocessing advances that are likely to contribute to their industrial production, and the novel applications that could arise given access to lower-cost mAbs.

biofertilizer and 20 kilograms of materials for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications each year. These outputs will help diversify products