Finally got around to writing a new post on Barely Informative Content. It is all about random effects in mixed-effects modelling and how to know what the "maximal" model structure is in your experiment: sites.google.com/view/jamieco...
#R #lme4 #performance #mixedeffects #stats #INeedALife
#R #lme4 #performance #mixedeffects #stats #INeedALife
Jamie Cockcroft, PhD
Welcome to Barely Informative Content (or BIC for short); this is a corner of the internet where I ramble about statistics and other topics that take my fancy. Expect niche takes and mild existential ...
sites.google.com
September 24, 2026 at 9:24 AM
Finally got around to writing a new post on Barely Informative Content. It is all about random effects in mixed-effects modelling and how to know what the "maximal" model structure is in your experiment: sites.google.com/view/jamieco...
#R #lme4 #performance #mixedeffects #stats #INeedALife
#R #lme4 #performance #mixedeffects #stats #INeedALife
#statstab #45 Visualizing Hierarchical Models
Thoughts: One of the coolest visualisation websites for mixed effects models I had saved.
#stats #mixedeffects #hierarchicalmodels #rstats #MLM
mfviz.com/hierarchical...
Thoughts: One of the coolest visualisation websites for mixed effects models I had saved.
#stats #mixedeffects #hierarchicalmodels #rstats #MLM
mfviz.com/hierarchical...
A Visual Introduction to Hierarchical Models
A visual explanation of multi-level modeling
mfviz.com
March 8, 2024 at 6:15 PM
#statstab #45 Visualizing Hierarchical Models
Thoughts: One of the coolest visualisation websites for mixed effects models I had saved.
#stats #mixedeffects #hierarchicalmodels #rstats #MLM
mfviz.com/hierarchical...
Thoughts: One of the coolest visualisation websites for mixed effects models I had saved.
#stats #mixedeffects #hierarchicalmodels #rstats #MLM
mfviz.com/hierarchical...
#statstab #112 Mixed Models with R
Thoughts: A very nice overview of what mixed models are, how to use them, and how to interpret the results (even mentions issues with p-values).
#rstats #r #lmer #mixedeffects
m-clark.github.io/mixed-models...
Thoughts: A very nice overview of what mixed models are, how to use them, and how to interpret the results (even mentions issues with p-values).
#rstats #r #lmer #mixedeffects
m-clark.github.io/mixed-models...
Mixed Models | Mixed Models with R
This is an introduction to using mixed models in R. It covers the most common techniques employed, with demonstration primarily via the lme4 package. Discussion includes extensions into generalized mi...
m-clark.github.io
June 11, 2024 at 7:33 PM
#statstab #112 Mixed Models with R
Thoughts: A very nice overview of what mixed models are, how to use them, and how to interpret the results (even mentions issues with p-values).
#rstats #r #lmer #mixedeffects
m-clark.github.io/mixed-models...
Thoughts: A very nice overview of what mixed models are, how to use them, and how to interpret the results (even mentions issues with p-values).
#rstats #r #lmer #mixedeffects
m-clark.github.io/mixed-models...
#statstab #221 #brms posterior_epred() vs posterior_predict()
Thoughts: When starting off with bayesian mixed models you'll run across this issue. Here's one of the best forum posts on it.
#bayesian #mixedeffects #models #posterior #effects #prediction
discourse.mc-stan.org/t/confusion-...
Thoughts: When starting off with bayesian mixed models you'll run across this issue. Here's one of the best forum posts on it.
#bayesian #mixedeffects #models #posterior #effects #prediction
discourse.mc-stan.org/t/confusion-...
November 11, 2024 at 5:39 PM
#statstab #221 #brms posterior_epred() vs posterior_predict()
Thoughts: When starting off with bayesian mixed models you'll run across this issue. Here's one of the best forum posts on it.
#bayesian #mixedeffects #models #posterior #effects #prediction
discourse.mc-stan.org/t/confusion-...
Thoughts: When starting off with bayesian mixed models you'll run across this issue. Here's one of the best forum posts on it.
#bayesian #mixedeffects #models #posterior #effects #prediction
discourse.mc-stan.org/t/confusion-...
#statstab #401 Common issues, conundrums, and other things that might come up when implementing mixed models
Thoughts: GLMMs are cool, but come with their own quirks.
#glmm #lmer #brms #mixedeffects #hierarchicalmodels #r
m-clark.github.io/mixed-models...
Thoughts: GLMMs are cool, but come with their own quirks.
#glmm #lmer #brms #mixedeffects #hierarchicalmodels #r
m-clark.github.io/mixed-models...
Issues | Mixed Models with R
This is an introduction to using mixed models in R. It covers the most common techniques employed, with demonstration primarily via the lme4 package. Discussion includes extensions into generalized mi...
m-clark.github.io
August 18, 2025 at 7:01 PM
#statstab #401 Common issues, conundrums, and other things that might come up when implementing mixed models
Thoughts: GLMMs are cool, but come with their own quirks.
#glmm #lmer #brms #mixedeffects #hierarchicalmodels #r
m-clark.github.io/mixed-models...
Thoughts: GLMMs are cool, but come with their own quirks.
#glmm #lmer #brms #mixedeffects #hierarchicalmodels #r
m-clark.github.io/mixed-models...
#statstab #328 How to Assess Task Reliability using Bayesian Mixed Models
by @Dom_Makowski
Thoughts: Nice walkthrough using {brms}, with code, data gen, and plots.
#r #bayesian #mixedeffects #reliability #brms
realitybending.github.io/post/2024-03...
by @Dom_Makowski
Thoughts: Nice walkthrough using {brms}, with code, data gen, and plots.
#r #bayesian #mixedeffects #reliability #brms
realitybending.github.io/post/2024-03...
April 23, 2025 at 5:30 PM
#statstab #328 How to Assess Task Reliability using Bayesian Mixed Models
by @Dom_Makowski
Thoughts: Nice walkthrough using {brms}, with code, data gen, and plots.
#r #bayesian #mixedeffects #reliability #brms
realitybending.github.io/post/2024-03...
by @Dom_Makowski
Thoughts: Nice walkthrough using {brms}, with code, data gen, and plots.
#r #bayesian #mixedeffects #reliability #brms
realitybending.github.io/post/2024-03...
#statstab #16 Maximal Random Structure (mixed effects models)
Thoughts: A very nice tutorial and explanation on the benefits of Mixed effects models, including some useful advice and advanced tips.
#stats #lmm #mixedeffects #randomeffects #power
www.alexanderdemos.org/Mixed7.html#...
Thoughts: A very nice tutorial and explanation on the benefits of Mixed effects models, including some useful advice and advanced tips.
#stats #lmm #mixedeffects #randomeffects #power
www.alexanderdemos.org/Mixed7.html#...
January 29, 2024 at 8:59 PM
#statstab #16 Maximal Random Structure (mixed effects models)
Thoughts: A very nice tutorial and explanation on the benefits of Mixed effects models, including some useful advice and advanced tips.
#stats #lmm #mixedeffects #randomeffects #power
www.alexanderdemos.org/Mixed7.html#...
Thoughts: A very nice tutorial and explanation on the benefits of Mixed effects models, including some useful advice and advanced tips.
#stats #lmm #mixedeffects #randomeffects #power
www.alexanderdemos.org/Mixed7.html#...
#statstab #51 R Functions for Variance Decomposition {varde}
Thoughts: A useful package to get more insight into your mixed effects model.
#r #rstats #mixedeffects #lmm
github.com/jmgirard/varde
Thoughts: A useful package to get more insight into your mixed effects model.
#r #rstats #mixedeffects #lmm
github.com/jmgirard/varde
GitHub - jmgirard/varde: R Functions for Variance Decomposition
R Functions for Variance Decomposition. Contribute to jmgirard/varde development by creating an account on GitHub.
github.com
March 18, 2024 at 6:59 PM
#statstab #51 R Functions for Variance Decomposition {varde}
Thoughts: A useful package to get more insight into your mixed effects model.
#r #rstats #mixedeffects #lmm
github.com/jmgirard/varde
Thoughts: A useful package to get more insight into your mixed effects model.
#r #rstats #mixedeffects #lmm
github.com/jmgirard/varde
#statstab #68 Minimum number of levels for a random effect
Thoughts: Fixed effects and random effects are not always intuitive differences. Apparently >5 is ok for an re.
#r #MLM #mixedeffects #rstats #stats
stats.stackexchange.com/questions/37...
Thoughts: Fixed effects and random effects are not always intuitive differences. Apparently >5 is ok for an re.
#r #MLM #mixedeffects #rstats #stats
stats.stackexchange.com/questions/37...
What is the minimum recommended number of groups for a random effects factor?
I'm using a mixed model in R (lme4) to analyze some repeated measures data. I have a response variable (fiber content of feces) and 3 fixed effects (body mass, etc.). My study only has 6 participan...
stats.stackexchange.com
April 10, 2024 at 3:33 PM
#statstab #68 Minimum number of levels for a random effect
Thoughts: Fixed effects and random effects are not always intuitive differences. Apparently >5 is ok for an re.
#r #MLM #mixedeffects #rstats #stats
stats.stackexchange.com/questions/37...
Thoughts: Fixed effects and random effects are not always intuitive differences. Apparently >5 is ok for an re.
#r #MLM #mixedeffects #rstats #stats
stats.stackexchange.com/questions/37...
#statstab #19 Model Estimation Options, Problems, and Troubleshooting
Thoughts: A nice guide on model convergence issues, REML vs FIML, and model comparison (frequentist s)
#mixedeffects #rstats #stats
www.learn-mlms.com/07-module-7....
Thoughts: A nice guide on model convergence issues, REML vs FIML, and model comparison (frequentist s)
#mixedeffects #rstats #stats
www.learn-mlms.com/07-module-7....
Chapter 7 Model Estimation Options, Problems, and Troubleshooting | Introduction to Multilevel Model...
This is an introduction to multilevel modelling. We establish a comprehensive foundational understanding of multilevel modelling that prepares readers to recognize when such models are needed, conduct...
www.learn-mlms.com
February 1, 2024 at 7:11 PM
#statstab #19 Model Estimation Options, Problems, and Troubleshooting
Thoughts: A nice guide on model convergence issues, REML vs FIML, and model comparison (frequentist s)
#mixedeffects #rstats #stats
www.learn-mlms.com/07-module-7....
Thoughts: A nice guide on model convergence issues, REML vs FIML, and model comparison (frequentist s)
#mixedeffects #rstats #stats
www.learn-mlms.com/07-module-7....
#statstab #130 Power Simulation in a Mixed Effects design using R
Thoughts: I used {faux} in my last blog post. Useful package if you think you can anticipate your data (v onerous in mixed effects).
#r #simulation #power #NHST #mixedeffects #lmer #stats
cjungerius.github.io/powersim/
Thoughts: I used {faux} in my last blog post. Useful package if you think you can anticipate your data (v onerous in mixed effects).
#r #simulation #power #NHST #mixedeffects #lmer #stats
cjungerius.github.io/powersim/
Power Simulation: A primer in 3 languages - Power Simulation in a Mixed Effects design using R
cjungerius.github.io
July 5, 2024 at 5:35 PM
#statstab #130 Power Simulation in a Mixed Effects design using R
Thoughts: I used {faux} in my last blog post. Useful package if you think you can anticipate your data (v onerous in mixed effects).
#r #simulation #power #NHST #mixedeffects #lmer #stats
cjungerius.github.io/powersim/
Thoughts: I used {faux} in my last blog post. Useful package if you think you can anticipate your data (v onerous in mixed effects).
#r #simulation #power #NHST #mixedeffects #lmer #stats
cjungerius.github.io/powersim/
#statstab #264 When estimating a treatment effect with a cluster design, you need to include varying slopes, even if the fit gives warning messages
Thoughts: Warnings are scary ⚠️ Bad model are scarier 👹
#lmer #modelfit #mixedeffects #r #randomslopes
statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/2025/01/23/s...
Thoughts: Warnings are scary ⚠️ Bad model are scarier 👹
#lmer #modelfit #mixedeffects #r #randomslopes
statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/2025/01/23/s...
When estimating a treatment effect with a cluster design, you need to include varying slopes, even if the fit gives warning messages. | Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science
statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu
January 23, 2025 at 4:11 PM
#statstab #264 When estimating a treatment effect with a cluster design, you need to include varying slopes, even if the fit gives warning messages
Thoughts: Warnings are scary ⚠️ Bad model are scarier 👹
#lmer #modelfit #mixedeffects #r #randomslopes
statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/2025/01/23/s...
Thoughts: Warnings are scary ⚠️ Bad model are scarier 👹
#lmer #modelfit #mixedeffects #r #randomslopes
statmodeling.stat.columbia.edu/2025/01/23/s...
🚨New paper: A Tutorial for Deception Detection Analysis or: How I Learned to Stop Aggregating Veracity Judgments and Embraced Signal Detection Theory Mixed Models
w/ @matti.vuorre.com
A better way to analyse lie data.
#deception #SDT #mixedeffects #brms #rstats
link.springer.com/article/10.1...
w/ @matti.vuorre.com
A better way to analyse lie data.
#deception #SDT #mixedeffects #brms #rstats
link.springer.com/article/10.1...
A Tutorial for Deception Detection Analysis or: How I Learned to Stop Aggregating Veracity Judgments and Embraced Signal Detection Theory Mixed Models - Journal of Nonverbal Behavior
Historically, deception detection research has relied on factorial analyses of response accuracy to make inferences. However, this practice overlooks important sources of variability resulting in pote...
link.springer.com
March 1, 2024 at 1:50 PM
🚨New paper: A Tutorial for Deception Detection Analysis or: How I Learned to Stop Aggregating Veracity Judgments and Embraced Signal Detection Theory Mixed Models
w/ @matti.vuorre.com
A better way to analyse lie data.
#deception #SDT #mixedeffects #brms #rstats
link.springer.com/article/10.1...
w/ @matti.vuorre.com
A better way to analyse lie data.
#deception #SDT #mixedeffects #brms #rstats
link.springer.com/article/10.1...
How to detect AI bias?
"Statistically significant" ≠ practically meaningful. Effect size matters - and template choice dramatically changes what #gender bias you detect.
Our fix: #mixedeffects + #perplexity weighting for robust detection.
arxiv.org/abs/2502.15600
#AI #NLP
"Statistically significant" ≠ practically meaningful. Effect size matters - and template choice dramatically changes what #gender bias you detect.
Our fix: #mixedeffects + #perplexity weighting for robust detection.
arxiv.org/abs/2502.15600
#AI #NLP
Robust Bias Detection in MLMs and its Application to Human Trait Ratings
There has been significant prior work using templates to study bias against demographic attributes in MLMs. However, these have limitations: they overlook random variability of templates and target…
arxiv.org
February 9, 2026 at 5:04 PM
How to detect AI bias?
"Statistically significant" ≠ practically meaningful. Effect size matters - and template choice dramatically changes what #gender bias you detect.
Our fix: #mixedeffects + #perplexity weighting for robust detection.
arxiv.org/abs/2502.15600
#AI #NLP
"Statistically significant" ≠ practically meaningful. Effect size matters - and template choice dramatically changes what #gender bias you detect.
Our fix: #mixedeffects + #perplexity weighting for robust detection.
arxiv.org/abs/2502.15600
#AI #NLP
#statstab #329 Bayesian versus frequentist approaches in multilevel single-case designs: on power and type I error rate
Thoughts: An interesting project highlighting some benefits of #bayesian methods for #nof1 designs.
#stats #r #sced #mixedeffects
osf.io/k7b82/files/...
Thoughts: An interesting project highlighting some benefits of #bayesian methods for #nof1 designs.
#stats #r #sced #mixedeffects
osf.io/k7b82/files/...
OSF
osf.io
April 24, 2025 at 3:44 PM
#statstab #329 Bayesian versus frequentist approaches in multilevel single-case designs: on power and type I error rate
Thoughts: An interesting project highlighting some benefits of #bayesian methods for #nof1 designs.
#stats #r #sced #mixedeffects
osf.io/k7b82/files/...
Thoughts: An interesting project highlighting some benefits of #bayesian methods for #nof1 designs.
#stats #r #sced #mixedeffects
osf.io/k7b82/files/...
#statstab #199 Mixed model equivalence test using R and PANGEA
Thoughts: While there are easier ways to compute #EQ tests for such models now, it is nice to see how you'd do so manually.
#equivalencetests #NHST #mixedeffects #r #stats #nullresults
pedermisager.org/blog/mixed_m...
Thoughts: While there are easier ways to compute #EQ tests for such models now, it is nice to see how you'd do so manually.
#equivalencetests #NHST #mixedeffects #r #stats #nullresults
pedermisager.org/blog/mixed_m...
Mixed model equivalence test using R and PANGEA | Peder M. Isager
Personal website of Dr. Peder M. Isager
pedermisager.org
October 11, 2024 at 5:59 PM
#statstab #199 Mixed model equivalence test using R and PANGEA
Thoughts: While there are easier ways to compute #EQ tests for such models now, it is nice to see how you'd do so manually.
#equivalencetests #NHST #mixedeffects #r #stats #nullresults
pedermisager.org/blog/mixed_m...
Thoughts: While there are easier ways to compute #EQ tests for such models now, it is nice to see how you'd do so manually.
#equivalencetests #NHST #mixedeffects #r #stats #nullresults
pedermisager.org/blog/mixed_m...
This tutorial was a great refresher on creating #mixedeffects #models in #R using #lme4.
<a href="http://www.bodowinter.com/tutorial/bw_LME_tutorial2.pdf" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-link="bsky">http://www.bodowinter.com/tutorial/bw_LME_tutorial2.pdf
<a href="http://www.bodowinter.com/tutorial/bw_LME_tutorial2.pdf" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-link="bsky">http://www.bodowinter.com/tutorial/bw_LME_tutorial2.pdf
November 14, 2024 at 4:52 AM
This tutorial was a great refresher on creating #mixedeffects #models in #R using #lme4.
<a href="http://www.bodowinter.com/tutorial/bw_LME_tutorial2.pdf" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-link="bsky">http://www.bodowinter.com/tutorial/bw_LME_tutorial2.pdf
<a href="http://www.bodowinter.com/tutorial/bw_LME_tutorial2.pdf" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-link="bsky">http://www.bodowinter.com/tutorial/bw_LME_tutorial2.pdf