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Countries: Eritrea, Ethiopia Source: International Institute for Environment and Development Please refer to the attached file. Ethiopia is one of the main refugee-hosting countries in Africa, with more than 900,000 refugees and asylum seekers in 2023. Many live in camps but increasing numbers are moving to cities. Ethiopia’s international commitments and new legislation provide scope for policy innovation, to which this working paper contributes. The paper reports findings of the Protracted Displacement in an Urban World project, which examined the wellbeing and livelihoods of people living in protracted displacement in camps and cities, focusing on Eritrean refugees in Addis Ababa, Semera Logia and Aysaita Camp. Key findings highlight the potential of urban refugees, and the need to bring local governments into policy debates. Summary This working paper reports on the findings of the Protracted Displacement in an Urban World (PDUW) project1 in Ethiopia – a project which focuses on the wellbeing and livelihoods of people living in protracted displacement in camps and urban areas. In 2023, Ethiopia hosted more than 900,000 refugees, with the largest groups originating from South Sudan, Somalia, Eritrea and Sudan. Most refugees now live in 21 active camps, but an increasing number are moving to cities. In response the national agency, the Refugees and Returnees Service, set up a new urban refugee unit in 2022. Ethiopia followed its commitments made under the UN’s 2016 Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework with a new 2019 Refugee Proclamation, and three implementing directives. But COVID-19 and the conflict in Tigray have delayed the implementation of these reforms. Background The Eritrean refugee cohorts in each location are very different in terms of language and culture, with Tigrinya refugee participants in Addis Ababa, and Afar refugees in the Afar region. Those in the city areas of Addis Ababa and Semera Logia are often better educated and have an urban background, while refugees in Aysaita camp are mainly from pastoralist or agricultural backgrounds with lower levels of literacy. The war in Tigray affected the wellbeing and the economy of refugees in multiple ways, generating further displacement, increasing refugee presence in Addis Ababa and Semera Logia, delaying aid distribution, increasing tensions with feelings of fear and insecurity for refugees, and threatening closure of refugee businesses run in partnership with Tigrinya Ethiopians. Outlining the study The aim of the project was to deepen the understanding of refugees’ experiences of life in camps and urban areas through the exploration of two themes: wellbeing and displacement economies. The project focused on the country’s 166,000 Eritrean refugees, who come mainly from two ethnic groups – Tigrinya and Afar. About 68,400 Eritrean refugees are registered in Addis Ababa and more than 57,000 live in the Afar region. The study looked specifically at the refugee experience at three survey sites: • a city location, the capital Addis Ababa (Gofa Mebrat Haile condominium) • the regional capital of Afar, Semera Logia, and • a camp in the Afar region, Aysaita. Our wellbeing metrics explore five dimensions – bodily, economic, political, social and psychosocial – derived as composite indicators from the quantitative surveys, supplemented by other data. Displacement economies in PDUW are understood as the: “collective economy created by refugees and Internally Displaced People (IDPs) through their livelihood activities, enterprise, need for services and consumption, and through their mutual support and diaspora inputs”. Key findings Results in Aysaita camp showed high levels of food insecurity, poor healthcare, and lack of adequate shelter, leading to lower levels of bodily wellbeing than in other locations studied. Economically, refugees in the Afar region, particularly in Aysaita camp, were significantly worse off than elsewhere, with higher levels of debt and limited savings. Even in Addis Ababa, many refugees are unable to reliably cover household expenses. Many urban refugees receive remittances as a condition for permission to live in the city under the Out-of-Camp Policy (OCP), but remittances are often erratic, and urban refugees struggle to survive with high rents and poorly-paid, informal work.