GPBees
@gpbees.bsky.social
Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics
A prestigious journal for omics and bioinformatics areas. 20 years of excellence since 2003.
https://academic.oup.com/gpb
A prestigious journal for omics and bioinformatics areas. 20 years of excellence since 2003.
https://academic.oup.com/gpb
Reposted by GPBees
Thrilled to share our new study in @nature.com ! 🎉
We uncover Lsp2 as a nutrient-responsive link between mTORC1, translation and lifespan in Drosophila.
Huge thanks to our wonderful collaborators Zongzhao Zhai and Jiongming Lu, and to everyone! (1/3)
We uncover Lsp2 as a nutrient-responsive link between mTORC1, translation and lifespan in Drosophila.
Huge thanks to our wonderful collaborators Zongzhao Zhai and Jiongming Lu, and to everyone! (1/3)
September 25, 2026 at 8:43 AM
Thrilled to share our new study in @nature.com ! 🎉
We uncover Lsp2 as a nutrient-responsive link between mTORC1, translation and lifespan in Drosophila.
Huge thanks to our wonderful collaborators Zongzhao Zhai and Jiongming Lu, and to everyone! (1/3)
We uncover Lsp2 as a nutrient-responsive link between mTORC1, translation and lifespan in Drosophila.
Huge thanks to our wonderful collaborators Zongzhao Zhai and Jiongming Lu, and to everyone! (1/3)
🧵 New in #GPB | Could the “hidden” proteome reveal new targets for liver cancer immunotherapy?
A new study integrates transcriptomics, proteomics & immunological validation to uncover non-canonical antigens in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
🔗 academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
A new study integrates transcriptomics, proteomics & immunological validation to uncover non-canonical antigens in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
🔗 academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
Discovery and Validation of Non-canonical Antigens for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immunotherapy
Abstract. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly prevalent and lethal form of liver cancer marked by high rates of tumor recurrence, posing substantial
academic.oup.com
September 21, 2026 at 3:05 PM
🧵 New in #GPB | Could the “hidden” proteome reveal new targets for liver cancer immunotherapy?
A new study integrates transcriptomics, proteomics & immunological validation to uncover non-canonical antigens in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
🔗 academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
A new study integrates transcriptomics, proteomics & immunological validation to uncover non-canonical antigens in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
🔗 academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
🧵 New in #GPB | Meet MACS3 — the next generation of the widely used Model-based Analysis for ChIP-Seq (MACS) framework for peak calling in regulatory genomics.
From bulk ChIP-seq to single-cell ATAC-seq, MACS3 brings peak calling into modern genomics workflows.
🔗 academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
From bulk ChIP-seq to single-cell ATAC-seq, MACS3 brings peak calling into modern genomics workflows.
🔗 academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
MACS3: A Peak-calling Platform for Bulk and Single-cell Regulatory Genomics
Abstract. Since the original publication of Model-based Analysis for ChIP-Seq (MACS), the software has been widely used to identify enriched genomic region
academic.oup.com
September 18, 2026 at 12:14 PM
🧵 New in #GPB | Meet MACS3 — the next generation of the widely used Model-based Analysis for ChIP-Seq (MACS) framework for peak calling in regulatory genomics.
From bulk ChIP-seq to single-cell ATAC-seq, MACS3 brings peak calling into modern genomics workflows.
🔗 academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
From bulk ChIP-seq to single-cell ATAC-seq, MACS3 brings peak calling into modern genomics workflows.
🔗 academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
🧵 How can multi-omics data be translated into digital white blood cell counts?
A new study in #GPB introduces MOFUN-CCC, an intermediate-fusion network integrating gene expression and DNA methylation data for absolute blood cell count prediction.
🔗 academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
A new study in #GPB introduces MOFUN-CCC, an intermediate-fusion network integrating gene expression and DNA methylation data for absolute blood cell count prediction.
🔗 academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
Validate User
academic.oup.com
September 17, 2026 at 8:56 PM
🧵 How can multi-omics data be translated into digital white blood cell counts?
A new study in #GPB introduces MOFUN-CCC, an intermediate-fusion network integrating gene expression and DNA methylation data for absolute blood cell count prediction.
🔗 academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
A new study in #GPB introduces MOFUN-CCC, an intermediate-fusion network integrating gene expression and DNA methylation data for absolute blood cell count prediction.
🔗 academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
🧵 How can we reconstruct cellular spatial organization when spatial transcriptomics lacks single-cell resolution?
A new #GPB study introduces SPCC, a deep-learning framework integrating #scRNAseq and #SpatialTranscriptomics to infer spatial cell–cell interactions. 1/6
A new #GPB study introduces SPCC, a deep-learning framework integrating #scRNAseq and #SpatialTranscriptomics to infer spatial cell–cell interactions. 1/6
September 17, 2026 at 9:14 AM
🧵 How can we reconstruct cellular spatial organization when spatial transcriptomics lacks single-cell resolution?
A new #GPB study introduces SPCC, a deep-learning framework integrating #scRNAseq and #SpatialTranscriptomics to infer spatial cell–cell interactions. 1/6
A new #GPB study introduces SPCC, a deep-learning framework integrating #scRNAseq and #SpatialTranscriptomics to infer spatial cell–cell interactions. 1/6
🧵 1/6 How can protein function prediction benefit from both biological templates and deep learning?
New in #GPB: “StarFunc: Fusing Template-based and Deep Learning Approaches for Accurate Protein Function Prediction”
🔗 doi.org/10.1093/gpbj...
New in #GPB: “StarFunc: Fusing Template-based and Deep Learning Approaches for Accurate Protein Function Prediction”
🔗 doi.org/10.1093/gpbj...
Validate User
doi.org
September 14, 2026 at 8:07 PM
🧵 1/6 How can protein function prediction benefit from both biological templates and deep learning?
New in #GPB: “StarFunc: Fusing Template-based and Deep Learning Approaches for Accurate Protein Function Prediction”
🔗 doi.org/10.1093/gpbj...
New in #GPB: “StarFunc: Fusing Template-based and Deep Learning Approaches for Accurate Protein Function Prediction”
🔗 doi.org/10.1093/gpbj...
🧵 1/7 Excited to share the new work in Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics:
Single-cell RNA Sequencing Discovered Subtypes Associated with Angiogenesis and Propranolol Treatment in Infantile Hemangioma
Single-cell RNA Sequencing Discovered Subtypes Associated with Angiogenesis and Propranolol Treatment in Infantile Hemangioma
September 13, 2026 at 5:41 PM
🧵 1/7 Excited to share the new work in Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics:
Single-cell RNA Sequencing Discovered Subtypes Associated with Angiogenesis and Propranolol Treatment in Infantile Hemangioma
Single-cell RNA Sequencing Discovered Subtypes Associated with Angiogenesis and Propranolol Treatment in Infantile Hemangioma
🧵 What happens to genetic variants hidden in the “dark genome”?
SNVs near structural variants are notoriously difficult to call accurately—and are often simply filtered out. A new study in Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics systematically benchmarks how well current pipelines recover them. 1/6
SNVs near structural variants are notoriously difficult to call accurately—and are often simply filtered out. A new study in Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics systematically benchmarks how well current pipelines recover them. 1/6
September 11, 2026 at 7:30 AM
🧵 What happens to genetic variants hidden in the “dark genome”?
SNVs near structural variants are notoriously difficult to call accurately—and are often simply filtered out. A new study in Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics systematically benchmarks how well current pipelines recover them. 1/6
SNVs near structural variants are notoriously difficult to call accurately—and are often simply filtered out. A new study in Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics systematically benchmarks how well current pipelines recover them. 1/6
🧵 Can caloric restriction reshape systemic metabolism in ways that protect against vascular disease and aging?
A new study in Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics uses multi-tissue metabolomics to uncover a glycerophospholipid signature associated with caloric restriction. 1/6
A new study in Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics uses multi-tissue metabolomics to uncover a glycerophospholipid signature associated with caloric restriction. 1/6
September 10, 2026 at 6:56 PM
🧵 Can caloric restriction reshape systemic metabolism in ways that protect against vascular disease and aging?
A new study in Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics uses multi-tissue metabolomics to uncover a glycerophospholipid signature associated with caloric restriction. 1/6
A new study in Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics uses multi-tissue metabolomics to uncover a glycerophospholipid signature associated with caloric restriction. 1/6
1/5 How do cells carefully maintain intracellular serine homeostasis?
A new study in @GPB_journal reveals that K6-linked atypical ubiquitin chains play a crucial dual-regulatory role in controlling amino acid transporters and nutrient sensing!
Full paper: academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
A new study in @GPB_journal reveals that K6-linked atypical ubiquitin chains play a crucial dual-regulatory role in controlling amino acid transporters and nutrient sensing!
Full paper: academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
K6 Atypical Ubiquitin Chain Regulates Intracellular Serine Homeostasis Through Tor1-Npr1-Par32-Gnp1 Signaling Axis
Abstract. Maintaining proper intracellular serine levels is essential for various biological processes, including one-carbon cycle, amino acid synthesis an
academic.oup.com
September 2, 2026 at 2:19 AM
1/5 How do cells carefully maintain intracellular serine homeostasis?
A new study in @GPB_journal reveals that K6-linked atypical ubiquitin chains play a crucial dual-regulatory role in controlling amino acid transporters and nutrient sensing!
Full paper: academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
A new study in @GPB_journal reveals that K6-linked atypical ubiquitin chains play a crucial dual-regulatory role in controlling amino acid transporters and nutrient sensing!
Full paper: academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
🧵1/8 Can chimeric RNAs help predict which esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients will respond to immunotherapy?
A new study in @GPBees explores chimeric RNAs as biomarkers for molecular classification and treatment stratification in ESCC academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
A new study in @GPBees explores chimeric RNAs as biomarkers for molecular classification and treatment stratification in ESCC academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
CTSC–RAB38 Potentiates Responsiveness to PD-1 Blockade in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Abstract. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) shows promise in treating locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC); however, identifying bioma
academic.oup.com
August 30, 2026 at 3:56 PM
🧵1/8 Can chimeric RNAs help predict which esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients will respond to immunotherapy?
A new study in @GPBees explores chimeric RNAs as biomarkers for molecular classification and treatment stratification in ESCC academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
A new study in @GPBees explores chimeric RNAs as biomarkers for molecular classification and treatment stratification in ESCC academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
1/5 🩸 What if one genomic test could type dozens of blood group antigens?
A new study in GPB presents a scalable SNP microarray-based approach for comprehensive blood group genotyping—combining genomic profiling with machine learning to address some of the hardest blood group loci.
A new study in GPB presents a scalable SNP microarray-based approach for comprehensive blood group genotyping—combining genomic profiling with machine learning to address some of the hardest blood group loci.
August 29, 2026 at 4:02 AM
1/5 🩸 What if one genomic test could type dozens of blood group antigens?
A new study in GPB presents a scalable SNP microarray-based approach for comprehensive blood group genotyping—combining genomic profiling with machine learning to address some of the hardest blood group loci.
A new study in GPB presents a scalable SNP microarray-based approach for comprehensive blood group genotyping—combining genomic profiling with machine learning to address some of the hardest blood group loci.
1/7 🧬 New from GPB
Can polygenic risk scores (PRSs) developed largely in European populations better predict coronary artery disease (CAD) in Chinese populations?
Wang et al. tackle this challenge with a new multi-ancestry, multi-trait PRS: PRSCAD+. 🫀
Can polygenic risk scores (PRSs) developed largely in European populations better predict coronary artery disease (CAD) in Chinese populations?
Wang et al. tackle this challenge with a new multi-ancestry, multi-trait PRS: PRSCAD+. 🫀
August 28, 2026 at 5:05 AM
1/7 🧬 New from GPB
Can polygenic risk scores (PRSs) developed largely in European populations better predict coronary artery disease (CAD) in Chinese populations?
Wang et al. tackle this challenge with a new multi-ancestry, multi-trait PRS: PRSCAD+. 🫀
Can polygenic risk scores (PRSs) developed largely in European populations better predict coronary artery disease (CAD) in Chinese populations?
Wang et al. tackle this challenge with a new multi-ancestry, multi-trait PRS: PRSCAD+. 🫀
🧵1/8: Why do targeted therapies fail despite biomarker-driven treatment?
A new study presents NetCF, a network control framework that identifies combination targets and reveals molecular circuits driving cancer phenotype switching and drug resistance.
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
A new study presents NetCF, a network control framework that identifies combination targets and reveals molecular circuits driving cancer phenotype switching and drug resistance.
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
August 18, 2026 at 1:35 PM
🧵1/8: Why do targeted therapies fail despite biomarker-driven treatment?
A new study presents NetCF, a network control framework that identifies combination targets and reveals molecular circuits driving cancer phenotype switching and drug resistance.
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
A new study presents NetCF, a network control framework that identifies combination targets and reveals molecular circuits driving cancer phenotype switching and drug resistance.
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
🎉New in GPB
cfMethDB integrates 4,828 cfDNA methylation datasets across 7 cancer types and identifies 1,048,770 DMCs, providing an integrated resource for biomarker discovery and analysis.
🔗 Explore: cfmethdb.hzau.edu.cn/home
#CancerResearch #cfDNA #DNAme #Biomarkers #GPB
cfMethDB integrates 4,828 cfDNA methylation datasets across 7 cancer types and identifies 1,048,770 DMCs, providing an integrated resource for biomarker discovery and analysis.
🔗 Explore: cfmethdb.hzau.edu.cn/home
#CancerResearch #cfDNA #DNAme #Biomarkers #GPB
August 13, 2026 at 7:04 AM
🎉New in GPB
cfMethDB integrates 4,828 cfDNA methylation datasets across 7 cancer types and identifies 1,048,770 DMCs, providing an integrated resource for biomarker discovery and analysis.
🔗 Explore: cfmethdb.hzau.edu.cn/home
#CancerResearch #cfDNA #DNAme #Biomarkers #GPB
cfMethDB integrates 4,828 cfDNA methylation datasets across 7 cancer types and identifies 1,048,770 DMCs, providing an integrated resource for biomarker discovery and analysis.
🔗 Explore: cfmethdb.hzau.edu.cn/home
#CancerResearch #cfDNA #DNAme #Biomarkers #GPB
What happens to RNA 3′ ends across tissues and diseases?
This study introduces the first spatially resolved atlas of alternative polyadenylation (APA), revealing how spatial APA regulation shapes tissue biology and disease. #RNA #GPB
📖 Read more:
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
This study introduces the first spatially resolved atlas of alternative polyadenylation (APA), revealing how spatial APA regulation shapes tissue biology and disease. #RNA #GPB
📖 Read more:
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
A Spatially Resolved Atlas of Alternative Polyadenylation Across 18 Human Tissues and 76 Disease States
Abstract. Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is a key regulator of gene expression and cellular dynamics, yet systematic investigations of spatially resolve
academic.oup.com
August 11, 2026 at 7:05 AM
What happens to RNA 3′ ends across tissues and diseases?
This study introduces the first spatially resolved atlas of alternative polyadenylation (APA), revealing how spatial APA regulation shapes tissue biology and disease. #RNA #GPB
📖 Read more:
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
This study introduces the first spatially resolved atlas of alternative polyadenylation (APA), revealing how spatial APA regulation shapes tissue biology and disease. #RNA #GPB
📖 Read more:
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
Can genetics help identify individuals at risk of anisometropia in myopia?
Using the MAGIC cohort, this study uncovers genetic variants associated with anisometropia and its progression, providing new insights into risk prediction and early intervention.
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
Using the MAGIC cohort, this study uncovers genetic variants associated with anisometropia and its progression, providing new insights into risk prediction and early intervention.
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
The MAGIC Cohort Study: Genetic Associations of Anisometropia in Chinese Population
Abstract. Myopia, particularly high myopia (HM), represents a critical global public health issue due to its strong association with irreversible visual im
academic.oup.com
August 5, 2026 at 5:49 AM
Can genetics help identify individuals at risk of anisometropia in myopia?
Using the MAGIC cohort, this study uncovers genetic variants associated with anisometropia and its progression, providing new insights into risk prediction and early intervention.
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
Using the MAGIC cohort, this study uncovers genetic variants associated with anisometropia and its progression, providing new insights into risk prediction and early intervention.
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
🎉🎉New in #GPB
How can we decode the spatial complexity of the tumor microenvironment?
This review highlights the latest advances in Spatial Visual Proteomics, covering cutting-edge technologies, AI-powered analytics, and emerging applications in cancer research.
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
How can we decode the spatial complexity of the tumor microenvironment?
This review highlights the latest advances in Spatial Visual Proteomics, covering cutting-edge technologies, AI-powered analytics, and emerging applications in cancer research.
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
Spatial Visual Proteomics: Insights into Tumor Microenvironment Dynamics
Abstract. The tumor microenvironment, a dynamic network of cancer, immune, stromal, and extracellular matrix components, dictates tumor progression and the
academic.oup.com
August 3, 2026 at 6:20 AM
🎉🎉New in #GPB
How can we decode the spatial complexity of the tumor microenvironment?
This review highlights the latest advances in Spatial Visual Proteomics, covering cutting-edge technologies, AI-powered analytics, and emerging applications in cancer research.
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
How can we decode the spatial complexity of the tumor microenvironment?
This review highlights the latest advances in Spatial Visual Proteomics, covering cutting-edge technologies, AI-powered analytics, and emerging applications in cancer research.
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
This study in #GPB introduces MultiFluid-mRNAplex31, a multiplex mRNA panel integrated with ML models for precise tracing of five body fluids, including challenging mixed and degraded samples.
📖 Read more：
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
📖 Read more：
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
ML-Powered MultiFluid-mRNAplex31: A Self-Developed Panel for Precise Tracing of Five Body Fluids
Abstract. Identification of body fluid origin at crime scenes can help establish a link between the individual who sheds the sample and the criminal activi
academic.oup.com
August 1, 2026 at 6:51 AM
This study in #GPB introduces MultiFluid-mRNAplex31, a multiplex mRNA panel integrated with ML models for precise tracing of five body fluids, including challenging mixed and degraded samples.
📖 Read more：
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
📖 Read more：
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
🌿 New in GPB🎉🎉🎉
Current databases mainly focus on human ingredient–target interactions. dbPTH expands this landscape by providing a comprehensive cross-species resource for herbal ingredient–protein target interactions.
📖 Read more:
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
Current databases mainly focus on human ingredient–target interactions. dbPTH expands this landscape by providing a comprehensive cross-species resource for herbal ingredient–protein target interactions.
📖 Read more:
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
July 29, 2026 at 8:18 AM
🌿 New in GPB🎉🎉🎉
Current databases mainly focus on human ingredient–target interactions. dbPTH expands this landscape by providing a comprehensive cross-species resource for herbal ingredient–protein target interactions.
📖 Read more:
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
Current databases mainly focus on human ingredient–target interactions. dbPTH expands this landscape by providing a comprehensive cross-species resource for herbal ingredient–protein target interactions.
📖 Read more:
academic.oup.com/gpb/advance-...
(1/3)🖥️💡Accurate identification and quantification of Circular RNAs is crucial to understanding its functions and clinical significance. Here is a new @gpbees.bsky.social study! The authors confirmed that sequencing error is a considerable contributor to inconsistent identification.
July 25, 2026 at 2:00 PM
(1/3)🖥️💡Accurate identification and quantification of Circular RNAs is crucial to understanding its functions and clinical significance. Here is a new @gpbees.bsky.social study! The authors confirmed that sequencing error is a considerable contributor to inconsistent identification.
Reposted by GPBees
Huge congratulations to PKU alumni Wang Hong and Deng Yu, recipients of the 2026 Fields Medal — mathematics’ highest honor! 🧮
We are immensely proud of their extraordinary breakthroughs and lasting contributions to global mathematics.
We are immensely proud of their extraordinary breakthroughs and lasting contributions to global mathematics.
July 23, 2026 at 2:46 PM
Huge congratulations to PKU alumni Wang Hong and Deng Yu, recipients of the 2026 Fields Medal — mathematics’ highest honor! 🧮
We are immensely proud of their extraordinary breakthroughs and lasting contributions to global mathematics.
We are immensely proud of their extraordinary breakthroughs and lasting contributions to global mathematics.
Reposted by GPBees
Regulation of gene expression in the #parasite #Leishmania is largely post-transcriptional, but how is it controlled? This study shows that modification of tRNAs by #quenosine influences codon-biased translation and contributes to Leishmania virulence @plosbiology.org 🧪 plos.io/4bwvAjs
July 21, 2026 at 7:55 AM
Regulation of gene expression in the #parasite #Leishmania is largely post-transcriptional, but how is it controlled? This study shows that modification of tRNAs by #quenosine influences codon-biased translation and contributes to Leishmania virulence @plosbiology.org 🧪 plos.io/4bwvAjs
(1/2)🧬✨ New in GPB!
Ψ-Atlas is the most comprehensive resource for RNA pseudouridylation (Ψ) to date, integrating 554,895 Ψ sites across 78 species and multiple RNA types from both next- and third-generation sequencing studies.
🌐 Explore Ψ-Atlas: rnainformatics.org.cn/PsiAtlas
Ψ-Atlas is the most comprehensive resource for RNA pseudouridylation (Ψ) to date, integrating 554,895 Ψ sites across 78 species and multiple RNA types from both next- and third-generation sequencing studies.
🌐 Explore Ψ-Atlas: rnainformatics.org.cn/PsiAtlas
Ψ-Atlas | Home
rnainformatics.org.cn
July 21, 2026 at 2:32 PM
(1/2)🧬✨ New in GPB!
Ψ-Atlas is the most comprehensive resource for RNA pseudouridylation (Ψ) to date, integrating 554,895 Ψ sites across 78 species and multiple RNA types from both next- and third-generation sequencing studies.
🌐 Explore Ψ-Atlas: rnainformatics.org.cn/PsiAtlas
Ψ-Atlas is the most comprehensive resource for RNA pseudouridylation (Ψ) to date, integrating 554,895 Ψ sites across 78 species and multiple RNA types from both next- and third-generation sequencing studies.
🌐 Explore Ψ-Atlas: rnainformatics.org.cn/PsiAtlas
🧬(1/2) New in GPB! Identifying protein interaction sites is essential for understanding cellular function. PROBind is a comprehensive web server for predicting, analyzing, and visualizing protein–protein, protein–DNA, and protein–RNA binding residues.
www.csuligroup.com
July 18, 2026 at 8:15 AM
🧬(1/2) New in GPB! Identifying protein interaction sites is essential for understanding cellular function. PROBind is a comprehensive web server for predicting, analyzing, and visualizing protein–protein, protein–DNA, and protein–RNA binding residues.