Organizations increasingly encode operational procedures as multi-step agent skills, here called Agent Operating Procedures (AOPs), that must be traceable, auditable, reproducible, access-controlled, and bounded in time and cost, requirements that regulated sectors make mandatory. Yet AOPs are typi…

Organizations increasingly encode operational procedures as multi-step agent skills, here called Agent Operating Procedures (AOPs), that must be traceable, auditable, reproducible, access-controlled, and bounded in time and cost, requirements that regulated sectors make mandatory. Yet AOPs are typi…

If calculators can compute faster and more accurately than any human, why do we still teach students multiplication and long division? And as AI becomes capable of solving far more complex math proble...

AbstractSinglet oxygen (1O2) is frequently invoked as a key reactive species in water treatment advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), yet its reliable assignment has become increasingly challenging, with evidence of false-positive interpretations in conventional detection approaches. Anthracene-based probes (ABDA and DPA) have emerged as attractive tools for 1O2 detection, offering a promising alternative to conventional detection approaches. However, our results demonstrate that conventional ABDA/DPA analyses based on optical signal attenuation and mass-based assignment are not sufficiently specific. Non-1O2 oxidants in AOPs, including •OH, SO4•–, Fe(IV), and electron-transfer processes, produce similar optical responses and generate isomeric oxidation products that cannot be reliably distinguished from authentic 1O2-derived endoperoxides (ABDAO2 and DPAO2) by nominal mass matching or commonly used MRM transitions alone. To resolve this critical ambiguity, we establish reference-based LC-MS/MS fingerprints from well-characterized 1O2 generation systems, enabling discrimination of authentic 1O2-derived endoperoxides from structurally related oxidation products in AOPs. We further develop a semiquantitative framework that correlates endoperoxide formation with 1O2 generation, enabling semiquantitative assessment of 1O2 formation in oxidative systems. This work establishes a more defensible evidentiary framework for anthracene-probe-based 1O2 detection and mechanistic attribution, enabling more reliable identification of 1O2 involvement in oxidative systems relevant to water treatment.

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Transformations in metal coordination environments, particularly their impact on spin-state transitions, remain underexplored in peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In this...

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