Abstract. Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors are class A G-protein-coupled receptors that act as metabolic sensors linking cellular metabolic status to physi

Abstract. Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors are class A G-protein-coupled receptors that act as metabolic sensors linking cellular metabolic status to physi

by Fang Ye, Zhiyi Zhang, Binghao Zhang, Xinyu Li, Jiaxi Deng, Qian Miao, Peiruo Ning, Yunlin Chi, Geng Chen, Zhangsong Wu, Qian Wang, Lezhi Xu, Ningjie Gong, Bangning Cheng, Zhigang Ma, Chungen Qian, Lizhe Zhu, Xin Pan, Yang Du The hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors (HCAR2 and HCAR3), also known as prototypical metabolite-sensing receptors, are key targets for treating dyslipidemia and metabolic disorders. While HCAR2 activation, but not HCAR3 activation, is associated with side effects of cutaneous flushing, the structural features and ligand preferences of HCAR3 remain less understood. Here, we used Sf9 cells to express HCAR3-Gi and HCAR2-Gi complexes, and present cryo-EM structures of HCAR3-Gi complexes with agonists compound 6O (3.31 Å), D-phenyllactic acid (3.05 Å), IBC293 (3.26 Å), and acifran (3.18Å), as well as HCAR2-Gi complex with agonist acifran (2.72 Å). Our findings reveal the mechanism behind 6O’s highest affinity to HCAR3, attributed to its full occupation of both R1 and R2 regions of the orthosteric binding pocket. Moreover, combined with cAMP assay in HEK-293 cells, we have elucidated that the ligand selectivity between HCAR3 and HCAR2 depended on π–π interaction with F1073.32 (L1073.32 in HCAR2) and ligand-binding pocket size difference, facilitated by key residues difference V/L832.60, Y/N862.63, and S/W9123.48. Collectively, these structural insights lay the groundwork for developing HCAR3-specific drugs, potentially avoiding HCAR2-induced adverse effects.

by Fang Ye, Zhiyi Zhang, Binghao Zhang, Xinyu Li, Jiaxi Deng, Qian Miao, Peiruo Ning, Yunlin Chi, Geng Chen, Zhangsong Wu, Qian Wang, Lezhi Xu, Ningjie Gong, Bangning Cheng, Zhigang Ma, Chungen Qian, Lizhe Zhu, Xin Pan, Yang Du The hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors (HCAR2 and HCAR3), also known as prototypical metabolite-sensing receptors, are key targets for treating dyslipidemia and metabolic disorders. While HCAR2 activation, but not HCAR3 activation, is associated with side effects of cutaneous flushing, the structural features and ligand preferences of HCAR3 remain less understood. Here, we used Sf9 cells to express HCAR3-Gi and HCAR2-Gi complexes, and present cryo-EM structures of HCAR3-Gi complexes with agonists compound 6O (3.31 Å), D-phenyllactic acid (3.05 Å), IBC293 (3.26 Å), and acifran (3.18Å), as well as HCAR2-Gi complex with agonist acifran (2.72 Å). Our findings reveal the mechanism behind 6O’s highest affinity to HCAR3, attributed to its full occupation of both R1 and R2 regions of the orthosteric binding pocket. Moreover, combined with cAMP assay in HEK-293 cells, we have elucidated that the ligand selectivity between HCAR3 and HCAR2 depended on π–π interaction with F1073.32 (L1073.32 in HCAR2) and ligand-binding pocket size difference, facilitated by key residues difference V/L832.60, Y/N862.63, and S/W9123.48. Collectively, these structural insights lay the groundwork for developing HCAR3-specific drugs, potentially avoiding HCAR2-induced adverse effects.

by Fang Ye, Zhiyi Zhang, Binghao Zhang, Xinyu Li, Jiaxi Deng, Qian Miao, Peiruo Ning, Yunlin Chi, Geng Chen, Zhangsong Wu, Qian Wang, Lezhi Xu, Ningjie Gong, Bangning Cheng, Zhigang Ma, Chungen Qian, Lizhe Zhu, Xin Pan, Yang Du The hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors (HCAR2 and HCAR3), also known as prototypical metabolite-sensing receptors, are key targets for treating dyslipidemia and metabolic disorders. While HCAR2 activation, but not HCAR3 activation, is associated with side effects of cutaneous flushing, the structural features and ligand preferences of HCAR3 remain less understood. Here, we used Sf9 cells to express HCAR3-Gi and HCAR2-Gi complexes, and present cryo-EM structures of HCAR3-Gi complexes with agonists compound 6O (3.31 Å), D-phenyllactic acid (3.05 Å), IBC293 (3.26 Å), and acifran (3.18Å), as well as HCAR2-Gi complex with agonist acifran (2.72 Å). Our findings reveal the mechanism behind 6O’s highest affinity to HCAR3, attributed to its full occupation of both R1 and R2 regions of the orthosteric binding pocket. Moreover, combined with cAMP assay in HEK-293 cells, we have elucidated that the ligand selectivity between HCAR3 and HCAR2 depended on π–π interaction with F1073.32 (L1073.32 in HCAR2) and ligand-binding pocket size difference, facilitated by key residues difference V/L832.60, Y/N862.63, and S/W9123.48. Collectively, these structural insights lay the groundwork for developing HCAR3-specific drugs, potentially avoiding HCAR2-induced adverse effects.