Acta Pharmacologica Sinica - Transcutaneous allicin oleogel restores energy homeostasis for obesity treatment

Guide to implementing interactive image hotspots for medical education. Learn the technical setup for clickable labels, SEO benefits of interactive media, and how to improve student retention using visual "discovery" learning.

U01.01.125 Summary: A systematic breakdown of metabolic defects in glycogenolysis. Understand why some GSDs cause severe hypoglycemia while others lead to exercise-induced muscle cramps.

U01.01.122 Summary: Explore the deficiency of Propionyl-CoA carboxylase and Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. Understand the clinical triad of metabolic acidosis, hypoglycemia, and hyperammonemia.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a condition affecting around 10–13% of women globally, has been officially renamed polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS) following an extensive international consensus process. The change, published in The Lancet, reflects more than a decade of collaboration involving over 22,000 participants, including patients and healthcare professionals. The previous name was based on early observations of ovarian structures mistakenly identified as cysts; in reality, these are immature follicles, and many patients do not display them at all. As a result, the term ‘PCOS’ often misrepresented the condition as purely gynaecological. The new name aims to capture the condition’s complexity. ‘Polyendocrine’ highlights the involvement of multiple hormonal systems, including elevated androgen levels and altered brain–ovary signalling. ‘Metabolic’ underscores the increased risks of type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and fatty liver. ‘Ovarian’ remains to reflect issues with ovulation and fertility. Researchers emphasise that PMOS is a lifelong condition with wide-ranging physical and mental health implications, including higher rates of anxiety, depression and sleep apnoea. The renaming is intended to improve diagnosis and care. Under the old terminology, many patients experienced delayed diagnosis—often exceeding two years—and fragmented treatment across different specialties. The updated name is expected to encourage more comprehensive assessments by clinicians, including metabolic and psychological screening, and to promote earlier identification, particularly in adolescents. Importantly, diagnostic criteria and treatments remain unchanged. Patients previously diagnosed with PCOS will not require new tests, and the transition to the new terminology will occur gradually over the next three years. While there is still no cure, the name change is seen as a critical step towards better awareness, research funding and holistic care for the estimated 170 million women affected worldwide.

Long-term intermittent fasting in adolescents may disrupt the development of beta cells, which are important for insulin production.