The oceans are not the same as years ago. They’ve changed a lot. For example, Oceanic Hypoxic Dead Zones, meaning low or depleted oxygen zones, have

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) transports heat globally, and its potential weakening would be crucial for future climate pr...

A new study that combines paleoclimate data and climate models suggests that large volcanic eruptions can disrupt the relationship between atmospheric circulations of the tropical Indian and Pacific oceans. In addition, human-caused greenhouse gas emissions are now driving an unprecedented breakdown in inter-basin coupling, according to researchers at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). Volcanism can temporarily weaken connections between ocean basins, but anthropogenic forcings in recent decades have caused an "exceptional" shift in the relationship between Indian and Pacific Ocean climate variability, according to a Nature Communications study, " Climate conditions in the Indian Ocean typically follow the behavior of the Pacific Ocean. However, since the 1980s, scientists have observed a breakdown of this co-variability linked to climate change. With less than a hundred years of quality instrumental data, it is difficult to assess how unusual these recent changes really are. To provide long term context, WHOI scientists used tropical paleoclimate archives - corals, tree rings, and stalagmites - to extend the record of Indian and Pacific Ocean climate back to the early 1600s. Consistent with modern observations, the paleo-records show that the two ocean basins were largely coupled for most of the last four hundred years. But a...

Jacobson, M. Z. Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric aerosols. Nature 409, 695–697 (2001). Fu, B. et al. Short-lived climate forcers have long-term climate impacts via the carbon–climate feedback. Nat. Clim. Change 10, 851–855 (2020). Wang, J. et al. Unified theoretical framework for black carbon mixing state allows greater accuracy of climate effect estimation. Nat. Commun. 14, 2703 (2023). Andreae, M. O. & Ramanathan, V. Climate’s dark forcings. Science 340, 280–281 (2013). Hodnebrog, Ø, Myhre, G. & Samset, B. H. How shorter black carbon lifetime alters its climate effect. Nat. Commun. 5, 5065 (2014). Chen, X. et al. Formation of char-like, fused-ring aromatic structures from a nonpyrogenic pathway during decomposition of wheat straw. J. Agric. Food Chem. 68, 2607–2614 (2020). Keiluweit, M., Nico, P. S., Johnson, M. G. & Kleber, M. Dynamic molecular structure of plant biomass-derived black carbon (biochar). Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 1247–1253 (2010). Han, Y. et al. Evaluation of the thermal/optical reflectance method for discrimination between char- and soot-EC. Chemosphere 69, 569–574 (2007). Han, Y. et al. High time- and size-resolved measurements of PM and chemical composition from coal combustion: implications for the EC formation process. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52,...