Strain richness of gut microbiota ecosystems is a key characteristic underpinning engraftment in faecal microbiota transplantation, and could improve the design of defined live biotherapeuti...

Experiments in mouse models show that proper recovery of the intestinal microbiota following depletion, with or without faecal microbiota transplant therapy, is dependent on syntrophic interactions that occur only with specific dietary interventions.

Strain richness of gut microbiota ecosystems is a key characteristic underpinning engraftment in faecal microbiota transplantation, and could improve the design of defined live biotherapeuti...

Nature Communications - Here, the authors perform metagenomic analysis of honeybee gut microbes, uncovering many previously unidentified species and host specific differences in composition and...

Dysregulated CD4 T cells that recognize gut commensal antigens are able to infiltrate the central nervous systems and are re-stimulated by host proteins, resulting in neuroinflammation.

Despite the fundamental role of bacterial strain variation in gut microbiota function1–6, the number of unique strains of a species that can stably colonize the human intestine is still unknown for almost all species. Here we determine the strain richness (SR) of common gut species using thousands of sequenced bacterial isolates with paired metagenomes. We show that SR varies across species, is transferable by faecal microbiota transplantation, and is uniquely low in the gut compared with soil and lake environments. Active therapeutic administration of supraphysiologic numbers of strains per species increases recipient SR, which then converges back to the population average after dosing is ceased. Stratifying engraftment outcomes by high or low SR shows that SR predicts microbial addition or replacement in faecal transplants. Together, these results indicate that properties of the gut ecosystem govern the number of strains of each species colonizing the gut and thereby influence strain

Strain richness of gut microbiota ecosystems is a key characteristic underpinning engraftment in faecal microbiota transplantation, and could improve the design of defined live biotherapeutic…

Maintaining immune tolerance to the microbiota is essential for gut health. Zhou et al. demonstrate that ILC3s are a RORγt+ APC that sense the microbiota through STING to induce microbiota-specific Tr...

Dysregulated CD4 T cells that recognize gut commensal antigens are able to infiltrate the central nervous systems and are re-stimulated by host proteins, resulting in neuroinflammation.

In natural ecosystems, microbes have the ability to stably colonize plant leaves, overcoming the fluctuating environmental conditions that the leaves …

npj Parkinson's Disease - Specific gut microbiota alterations in essential tremor and its difference from Parkinson’s disease

Dietary fiber interventions to modulate the gut microbiota have largely relied on isolated fibers or specific fiber sources. We hypothesized that fibers systematically blended could promote more he...

Strain richness of gut microbiota ecosystems is a key characteristic underpinning engraftment in faecal microbiota transplantation, and could improve the design of defined live biotherapeuti...

Perturbation to the early-life microbiota has long-term detrimental effects on health and development, leading to increased risk for metabolic dysfunction and childhood obesity. Despite the central ro...

White et al. show that microbiota-specific T cells are licensed by gut inflammation to infiltrate the central nervous system, where cross-reactivity with self-antigens leads to neuropathology.

A large fraction of the intestinal microbiota is highly coated with secretory IgA, and bacteria-specific IgA is believed to shape the composition of the microbiota. A hallmark of the adaptive immune s...

Advances in genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have revealed associations between specific microbiota species in health and disease. However, the precise mechanism(s) of action for many microbiota...

Experiments in mouse models show that proper recovery of the intestinal microbiota following depletion, with or without faecal microbiota transplant therapy, is dependent on syntrophic interactions th...

A large fraction of the intestinal microbiota is highly coated with secretory IgA, and bacteria-specific IgA is believed to shape the composition of the microbiota. A hallmark of the adaptive immune system is immunological memory to specific antigens. However, whether there is strong and persistent memory of secretory antibodies to bacterial antigens has not been determined. Here we show that ultra long-lived CD19-CD45- (age>20 years) plasma cells (PCs) residing in the human small intestine produce IgA that binds to most taxa of a diverse anaerobic microbiota culture. Long-lived CD19-CD45+ (age>10 years) and short-lived CD19+CD45+ (age<2 years) PCs also produced IgA with broad bacterial reactivity. A clear correlation between high-binding and low-binding taxa was observed across the PC subsets. We also found that host PCs were depleted in acute intestinal graft versus host disease, a condition strongly associated with loss of microbiota diversity. Together, we show that bacterial antigens in the intestine induce an extremely stable, long-lasting humoral immune memory that may be important for the long-term stability and resilience of the intestinal microbiome. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

Advances in genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have revealed associations between specific microbiota species in health and disease. However, the precise mechanism(s) of action for many microbiota...

A study found that gut bacteria diversity and specific microbial types are linked to mental health, influencing emotional responses, social interactions, thinking, and regulation. Greater microbial di...