Cha and Kim review two decades of iPSC-based translation in neurodegenerative disease, highlighting disease-specific therapeutic logic and the emerging importance of transplantation biology. They propose a phase-resolved framework for the post-transplant “biological black box” linking graft survival, maturation, host interactions, and long-term therapeutic outcome.

Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED), caused by mutations in MATN3, is a chondrodysplasia affecting the cartilage growth plate and is characterised by delayed epiphyseal ossification, short stature, an...