Although electric voltage and current have been studied for a long time in terms of their ability to suppress the growth of bacteria and to kill bacteria, increasing interest has been aroused more rec...

Herpesviruses are a family of DNA viruses that cause a range of infections in humans and animals. A distinctive characteristic is that they can remain dormant in the body for prolonged periods, and…

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How do we know when an animal virus might pose a risk to humans? Canada confirmed a human case of H5N1 avian influenza (often called "bird flu") in 2024, the first known to have been acquired in…

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses remain a major zoonotic threat, yet global attention has focused largely on clade 2.3.4.4b, potentially overlooking major changes within long-endemic H5N1 lineages in Asia. Recent reports from South and Southeast Asia describe the emergence of reassortant clade 2.3.2.1 viruses alongside renewed human infections after apparent prolonged epidemiologic stability. Collectively, those events suggest a regional pattern rather than isolated anomalies. In this article, we argue that reassortment, rather than point mutation alone, might be an underrecognized driver of zoonotic risk in endemic H5N1 lineages and is reshaping those lineages. We examine why such events might be underrecognized in settings with entrenched poultry influenza, identify limitations of current surveillance systems, and call for integrated, real-time approaches linking genomic detection with phenotypic assessment across animal and human health sectors to enable timely risk assessment and coordinated public health action.

Swine influenza A viruses (IAV-S) caused the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and pose a future zoonotic and pandemic threat. Vietnam represents a critical hotspot for IAV-S emergence within East and Southeast Asia, with dense swine and human populations and intensive livestock trade. We conducted genomic surveillance of IAV-S in Vietnam during 2020–2024, extending previous surveillance from 2013–2019. We identified multiple co-circulating H1 and H3 clades, including pandemic H1N1, Eurasian avian-like, and European lineages, by conducting phylogenetic analysis of 56 IAV-S isolates (21 H1N1, 31 H1N2, and 4 H3N2). Three H1 clades persisted exclusively in Vietnam, circulating up to 12 years. Phylogeographic analysis revealed multiple independent introduction events from North America, Europe, China, Thailand, and Cambodia. We detected extensive reassortment that frequently involved pandemic H1N1 virus internal genes. We identified several lineage-specific mutations associated with mammalian adaptation. Our findings underscore the ongoing IAV-S evolution and need for sustained surveillance in Vietnam.

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An estimated 38 trillion bacteria live in the human body—and only a small fraction are harmful to our health. However, the harmful ones can cause serious illness, especially when they develop…

Our airway cells can rapidly remove cells infected with rhinovirus, the virus responsible for the common cold, by physically throwing them out of the tissue, helping to clear the infection without hel...

A new tool to mutate bacteriophages – viruses that infect bacteria – provides a “big leap” forward in both our understanding of how they function, and our ability to harness their full potential.