There are comments on PubPeer for publication: Adult neural stem cells expressing IL-10 confer potent immunomodulation and remyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalitis (2009)

Abstract. γδ T cells can kill cancer cells via antibody-independent cytotoxicity (AIC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). A better understanding of how these cytotoxic mechanisms are...

Macrophage immune cells exist on a plastic spectrum of phenotypes governed by their physical and biochemical environment. Controlling macrophage function to facilitate immunological regeneration or fighting pathology has emerged as a therapeutic possibility. The rate-limiting step in translating macrophage immunomodulation therapies has been the absence of fundamental knowledge of how physics and biochemistry in the macrophage microenvironment converge to inform phenotype. In this review we explore recent trends in bioengineered model systems that integrate physical and biochemical variables applied to macrophage mechanosensing and plasticity. We focus on how tuning of mechanical forces and biomaterial composition orchestrate macrophage function in physiological and pathological contexts. Ultimately, a broader understanding of stimuli-responsiveness in macrophages leads to informed design for future modulatory therapies.

Endothelial cells are multifunctional cells that form the inner layer of blood vessels and have a crucial role in vasoreactivity, angiogenesis, immunomodulation, nutrient uptake and coagulation. Endothelial cells have unique metabolism and are metabolically heterogeneous. The microenvironment and metabolism of endothelial cells contribute to endothelial cell heterogeneity and metabolic specialization. Endothelial cell dysfunction is an early event in the development of several cardiovascular diseases and has been shown, at least to some extent, to be driven by metabolic changes preceding the manifestation of clinical symptoms. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obesity and chronic kidney disease are all risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Changes in endothelial cell metabolism induced by these cardiometabolic stressors accelerate the accumulation of dysfunctional endothelial cells in tissues and the development of cardiovascular disease. In this Review, we discuss the diversity of m

The three types of fatty acids, despite their shared structural features, are different in their sources, absorption into the body, and metabolism (Fig. 1). SCFAs are derived mainly from microbial fermentation in the gut, whereas medium-chain and long-chain fatty acids are largely derived from food. Because of the differences in their size and solubility in the aqueous phase, they are taken up and metabolized in somewhat different manners. First, SCFAs are mainly produced from carbohydrates that reach the colon [1]. Hard to digest dietary fibers and resistant starches are the major prebiotics that feed gut microbes to recognize, degrade and metabolize to produce SCFAs. While 1-6 carbon length fatty acids are called SCFAs, three SCFAs (acetate, propionate and butyrate) are dominant in the mammalian colon, reaching more than 0.1 M combined concentrations [10]. These three SCFAs are considered functionally important SCFAs. SCFAs are produced by several different pathways in bacteria [11,12,13]. Certain acetogenic bacteria, such as those in the Clostridium and Blautia genera, can produce acetate from hydrogen and carbon dioxide or from formic acid via the Wood-Ljungdahl Pathway or fermentation through acetyl-CoA. Propionate is produced by the succinate (Bacteroidetes phylum), acrylate (Veillonellaceae and Lachnospiraceae families) and propanediol (some Proteobacteria...

Classical psychedelics are psychoactive substances, which, besides their psychopharmacological activity, have also been shown to exert significant modulatory effects on immune responses by altering si...

Preventing measles prevents immune memory damage and nonspecifically safeguards against many childhood infections.

Structural variations in the number of acyl chains and phosphate groups of gram-negative microbial lipid A differentially modulate DC-derived IFN-β responses, which are mechanistically regulated by TLR4 endocytosis and lipid droplet formation. This lipid A-structure-driven immunomodulation via IFN-β contributes to the maintenance of colonic RORγt+ Tregs during homeostasis and helps mitigate colonic inflammation.

Classical psychedelics are psychoactive substances, which, besides their psychopharmacological activity, have also been shown to exert significant modulatory...

**Abstract:** This paper introduces a framework for automated inference of nutrient-microbiome interactions influencing immune responses, enabling personalized immunomodulation strategies. Current methods for understanding this complex relationship are labor-intensive and limited by data complexity. We propose a Multi-Modal Analysis and HyperScore (MAMH) framework leveraging advanced computational techniques to map nutrient intake, gut microbiome composition, and inflammatory marker profiles. The MAMH system utilizes a novel Multi-layered Evaluation Pipeline and HyperScore function to rapidly identify key nutrient-microbiome crosstalk pathways associated with specific immune dysfunctions, offering a rapidly scalable solution for precision nutrition and personalized healthcare.